The Kingdom ofFranceinthe Middle Ages (roughly, from the 10th century to the middle ofthe 15th century) was marked by the fragmentation ofthe Carolingian...
houses: House ofMagnatesand House of Representatives. From next Diet in 1609, the members ofthe House of Representatives elected by noblesofthe Counties...
hereditary lands to his brother Ferdinand, the founder ofthe Austrian branch. InFranceand England, from the13thcentury onwards, stationary royal residences...
include the Brittany peninsula inthe west. West Frankish kings were elected by the secular and ecclesiastic magnates, and for the half-century between...
interests inthe 18th century to force a legislative outcome. By the early 18th century, themagnatesof Poland and Lithuania controlled the state, ensuring...
The szlachta, nobility, the Polish nobles (Polish: [ˈʂlaxta] ; Lithuanian: šlėkta) were thenoble estate ofthe realm inthe Kingdom of Poland, the Grand...
nobles' tax-exemption andthe aviticitas, but themagnates' 31 fideicommissa remained intact. Although the peasant tenants received the ownership of their...
year when the English noblesand church leaders were summoned to discuss the affairs ofthe country with the king. Inthe13thcentury, the Great Council...
During the 10th centuryin northern Franceandthe 11th centuryinFrance south ofthe Loire, local magnates either recruited or forced the owners of allodial...
sought to increase the size of his own affinities as a counterweight to the growing retinues of his nobles. The retinues ofthemagnates became powerful...
urbanized population of Europe at the time. It then spread inthe early 12th century to France, Germany, Spain and elsewhere. The English state was already...
the one with the most inclusive listof participants, specifically mentions the "clergy, magnates, noblemen, Szeklers, Saxons, Romanians, andthe other...
Frankish noble family named after Charles Martel and his grandson Charlemagne, descendants ofthe Arnulfing and Pippinid clans ofthe 7th century AD. The dynasty...
appeared in a long listof saints inthe late 13th-century Lardanchet psalter–hours. The vitae of six late Merovingian saints that illustrate the political...
resulted in its territory being divided among individual lords and princes. These nobles built castles to control the area immediately surrounding them and the...
hereditary monarchy in Lithuania was first established inthe13thcentury during the reign of Mindaugas I and officially re-established as a constitutional monarchy...
earl of Sussex, of Chichester, or of Arundel. His first known appearance as an earl is at Christmas 1141. Until the mid-13thcentury, the earls were also...
privilege, exercised during the gatherings known as wiec, was usually limited to the most powerful nobles (magnates) or officials, and was heavily influenced...
return with a French army and regain the Scottish throne. Soulis supported the return of Balliol as did many other nobles, but the return of John as king...
similar to the peerage (e.g. Grandeeship, Imperial Diet, Hungarian House ofMagnates) existed. During the 19th century, many ofthe smaller German and Italian...
influence and against King Stanislaus II Augustus with Polish reformers, who were attempting to limit the power ofthe Commonwealth's wealthy magnates. The founders...
8th–13thcenturies, Celanova (9th–13th), Samos (8th–13th) ... Andofthe cathedrals of Santiago and Lugo, with documents dated from the 8th century. In Portugal...