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Defensive towers at San Gimignano, Tuscany, bear witness to the factional strife within communes.
Medieval communes in the European Middle Ages had sworn allegiances of mutual defense (both physical defense and of traditional freedoms) among the citizens of a town or city. These took many forms and varied widely in organization and makeup.
Communes are first recorded in the late 11th and early 12th centuries, thereafter becoming a widespread phenomenon. They had greater development in central-northern Italy, where they became city-states based on partial democracy.[1][2] At the same time in Germany they became free cities, independent from local nobility.
^Benvenuti, G. (1989). Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova, Venezia [The Maritime Republics. Amalfi, Pisa, Genoa, Venice] (in Italian). Rome: Newton & Compton editori.
^Lodolini, Armando (1967). Le repubbliche del mare [The republics of the sea] (in Italian). Roma: Biblioteca di storia patria.
Medievalcommunes in the European Middle Ages had sworn allegiances of mutual defense (both physical defense and of traditional freedoms) among the citizens...
Besançon Commune (1871) Strandzha Commune (1903) Morelos Commune (c. 1913–1917) Medievalcommune, a form of mutual defense alliance La Commune (Paris,...
Laziale. 1191 – Destruction of Tusculum. History of Rome#Roman Commune 14 regions of Medieval Rome "Italia città". digilander.libero.it. Retrieved 2023-11-12...
around the nearby city of Crema, as its territory. After that time, the new commune warred against nearby cities to enlarge its territory. In 1107 Cremona...
is a medieval catalog of documents concerning the Asti region. Dating to the 14th century, it describes events related to the medievalcommune of Asti...
The Paris Commune (French: Commune de Paris, pronounced [kɔ.myn də pa.ʁi]) was a French revolutionary government that seized power in Paris from 18 March...
residue of municipal institutions and the supreme body took the name of Serenissima Signoria. Medievalcommune Italian city-states Venetian nobility v t e...
The Commune of Antioch was a medievalcommune in the Principality of Antioch. It was formed in 1194 in the courthouse of the Church of Saint Peter by...
As the only surviving medievalcommune in the Italian Peninsula, the history of San Marino is intertwined with the medieval, Renaissance and modern-day...
The Republic of Ancona was a medievalcommune and maritime republic notable for its economic development and maritime trade, particularly with the Byzantine...
different between "town" in English and commune in French. The French word commune appeared in the 12th century, from Medieval Latin communia, for a large gathering...
of the signoria is a phase often associated with the decline of the medievalcommune system of government and the rise of the dynastic state. In this context...
Jus commune or ius commune is Latin for "common law" in certain jurisdictions. It is often used by civil law jurists to refer to those aspects of the civil...
1000 that mark the end of the early Middle Ages: the rise of the medievalcommunes, the reawakening of city life, and the appearance of the burgher class...
John W. Baldwin; Richard A. Goldthwaite (eds.). Commune, University, and Society in Early Medieval Bologna. Johns Hopkins Press. pp. 34–35. ISBN 9780801813726...
ancient bridges there, remains of which still exist. However, the Medievalcommune truly began in the early Middle Ages. It is commonly remembered that...
broletto (administrative building) of the medievalcommune of Milan. The bas relief is reportedly a medieval copy of an older one, found during the excavations...
manner to the ancient Roman vexillum. It was first adopted by Italian medievalcommunes, and later, by local guilds, corporations and districts. The difference...
Ages, citizenship was usually associated with cities and towns (see medievalcommune), and applied mainly to middle-class folk. Titles such as burgher,...
San Marino Vatican City State Italian city-states Maritime republics Medievalcommune Signoria "End of Europe's Middle Ages - Italy's City-States". www.faculty...
collapse of Rome. With the recovery of populations and the rise of medievalcommunes from the 11th century onward, economic and political power once again...
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