Limescale build-up inside a pipe reduces both liquid flow through the pipe and thermal conduction from the liquid to the outer pipe shell. Both effects will reduce the pipe's overall thermal efficiency when used as a heat exchanger.
Limescale is a hard, chalky deposit, consisting mainly of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). It often builds up inside kettles, boilers, and pipework, especially that for hot water. It is also often found as a similar deposit on the inner surfaces of old pipes and other surfaces where hard water has flowed. Limescale also forms as travertine or tufa in hard water springs.
The colour varies from off-white through a range of greys and pink or reddish browns, depending on the other minerals present. Iron compounds give the reddish-browns.
In addition to being unsightly and hard to clean, limescale can seriously damage or impair the operation of various plumbing and heating components.[1] Descaling agents are commonly used to remove limescale. Prevention of fouling by scale build-up relies on the technologies of water softening or other water treatment.
This column in the Bad Münstereifel church in Germany is made from the calcium carbonate deposits that built up in the Roman Eifel Aqueduct over several centuries of use.
^Hermann Weingärtner, "Water" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, December 2006, Wiley–VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a28_001
Limescale is a hard, chalky deposit, consisting mainly of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). It often builds up inside kettles, boilers, and pipework, especially...
substance used to remove limescale from metal surfaces in contact with hot water, such as in boilers, water heaters, and kettles. Limescale is either white or...
produced when calcium ions in hard water react with carbonate ions to form limescale. It has medical use as a calcium supplement or as an antacid, but excessive...
exchange resin that softens the water, and the water supply is "hard", limescale deposits can appear on all items, but are especially visible on glassware...
water causes a variety of problems. Hard water leads to the buildup of limescale, which can foul plumbing, and promote galvanic corrosion. In industrial...
Grade, SR Grade and TM Grade. It is frequently used for removing rust and limescale, replacing the more volatile and irritating hydrochloric acid, which is...
Phosphates: Bind calcium and magnesium ions to prevent 'hard-water' type limescale deposits. They can cause ecological damage, and have been partially banned...
making them soluble. It is used to remove and discourage the buildup of limescale from boilers and evaporators. It can be used to treat water, which makes...
Limescale buildup inside a pipe both reduces liquid flow through the pipe, as well as reduces thermal conduction from the liquid to the outer pipe shell...
foam formation when soap is agitated in water, and by the formation of limescale in kettles and water heaters. Wherever water hardness is a concern, water...
mixing liquid bleach with other cleaning products, such as acids found in limescale-removing products, will release chlorine gas. Chlorine gas was utilized...
sometimes attached to a handle, is an effective scrubbing tool for removal of limescale, rust, hard water rings, and other stains on porcelain fixtures in households...
called scale, a buildup of unwanted substances on a submerged surface Limescale, a hard, chalky deposit that often builds up inside kettles, hot water...
Hygienic Harpic All in 1 Harpic Active Fresh Toilet Cleaner Harpic 100% Limescale Remover Toilet Cleaner Harpic Flushmatic Harpic 10X Max Clean (in Malaysia...
over a series of trays the water is quickly heated and this can reduce limescale. Desuperheater tubes or bundles: A series of tubes or bundles of tubes...
used in steam irons for pressing clothes to minimize the build-up of limescale in hard water areas shortening the lifespan of steam irons. Some steam...
grenade covered in white paint that demolishes the toilet bowl to eliminate limescale and germs. For his performances in this series, Serafinowicz was awarded...
age or too much toilet paper. Clogging can occur spontaneously due to limescale fouling of the drain pipe, or by overloading the stool capacity of the...
drinking water. Some kettles have built-in filters, primarily to reduce limescale build-up. Water filters are used by hikers, aid organizations during humanitarian...
assortment and examination to obtain diamonds. The earthy coverings of limescale ore were then removed, to yield the raw diamonds. The raw diamonds from...
OPTEC flat disc element to boil water in about half the time, with a limescale filter. They designed the world's first fully programmable kettle, the...
limescale in any of the lengths of pipe that had been uncovered. Construction on a housing estate close to Nettleham showed that there was limescale ...
boilers and heat exchangers operating with hard water and often results in limescale. Through changes in temperature, or solvent evaporation or degasification...
character played by Neil Burgess, who claims that Cillit Bang can remove limescale, rust and ground-in dirt. In one advert, he places a copper English one...
mildews). She also lists mizuaka (水垢), which can denote soap scum as well as limescale. One anecdote dated to the Genroku era concerns a servant[?] woman who...
Various rocks and minerals known as onyx marble Alabaster Calcareous sinter Limescale Onyx Marble This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the...
([ˌdzɛrokalˈkaːre]), is an Italian cartoonist. His pen name, literally meaning "zero limescale", was inspired by an Italian TV commercial jingle for a descaler product...
fed with cold water, which in 'hard' water areas reduces the deposit of limescale to whatever is dissolved in the original charge of water plus relatively...
commonly shows a dribble of water from the air vent, or stains of rust or limescale.[citation needed] Construction is of the usual cast brass housing for...
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