Land Reform Movement information

Land Reform Movement
Land Reform Movement
	The land reform staff publicizing the Land Reform Law to peasants in 1950
Simplified Chinese	土地改革运动
Traditional Chinese	土地改革運動
Literal meaning	Land Reform Movement
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Tǔdì gǎigé yùndòng
Bopomofo	ㄊㄨˇ ㄉㄧˋ ㄍㄞˇ ㄍㄜˊ ㄩㄣˋ ㄉㄨㄥˋ
Wade–Giles	Tu3 ti4 kai3 ko2 yun4 tong4
Yale Romanization	Tu3di4 gai3ge2 yun4dung4
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization	tóu deih gói gaak wahn duhng
Jyutping	tou2 dei6 goi2 gaak3 wan6 dung6

The Land Reform Movement, also known by the Chinese abbreviation Tǔgǎi (土改), was a mass movement led by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) leader Mao Zedong during the late phase of the Chinese Civil War after the Second Sino-Japanese War ended in 1945 and in the early People's Republic of China,^[1] which achieved land redistribution to the peasantry. Landlords – whose status was theoretically defined through the percentage of income derived from exploitation as opposed to labor^[2] – had their land confiscated and they were subjected to mass killing by the CCP and former tenants,^[3] with the estimated death toll ranging from hundreds of thousands to millions.^[4]^[5] The campaign resulted in hundreds of millions of peasants receiving a plot of land for the first time.^[3]

By 1953, land reform had been completed in mainland China with the exception of Xinjiang, Tibet, Qinghai, and Sichuan. From 1953 onwards, the CCP began to implement the collective ownership of expropriated land through the creation of Agricultural Production Cooperatives, transferring property rights of the seized land to the Chinese state. Farmers were compelled to join collective farms, which were grouped into people's communes with centrally controlled property rights.^[6]

^ Short (2001), pp. 436–437.
^ DeMare (2019), p. 93.
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference Scheidel226 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Teiwes was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Rummel, Rudolph J. (2007). China's bloody century: genocide and mass murder since 1900. Transaction Publishers. p. 223. ISBN 978-1-4128-0670-1. Archived from the original on 2016-11-09. Retrieved 2016-11-02.
^ ChenDavis (1998).

[FOOTNOTEShort2001436–437-1] Short (2001), pp. 436–437.

[FOOTNOTEDeMare201993-2] DeMare (2019), p. 93.

[Scheidel226-3] Cite error: The named reference Scheidel226 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Teiwes-4] Cite error: The named reference Teiwes was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Rummel223-5] Rummel, Rudolph J. (2007). China's bloody century: genocide and mass murder since 1900. Transaction Publishers. p. 223. ISBN 978-1-4128-0670-1. Archived from the original on 2016-11-09. Retrieved 2016-11-02.

[FOOTNOTEChenDavis1998-6] ChenDavis (1998).

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History of the People's Republic of China

1949–1976: Mao era Revolution Land Reform Movement Proclamation Korean War Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns First five-year plan Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence Bandung Conference Sufan movement Hundred Flowers Campaign Anti-Rightist Campaign Canton Fair Great Leap Forward Great Chinese Famine Two Bombs, One Satellite Seven Thousand Cadres Conference Socialist Education Movement Third Front Cultural Revolution UN representation Richard Nixon visit
1976–1989: Deng era Gang of Four Boluan Fanzheng 1978 Truth Criterion Controversy Reforms and Opening Up Special economic zones China–United States relations Three Communiqués Four Modernizations Sino-Vietnamese War Beijing Spring Strike Hard Against Crime Campaign Sino-British Joint Declaration Campaign against spiritual pollution Bourgeois liberalization Opposition 863 Program 1986 Chinese student demonstrations Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
1989–2002: Jiang era Shanghai Stock Exchange Pudong New District Deng's southern tour 1992 consensus One country, two systems Handover of Hong Kong Handover of Macau 1998 floods US bombing of the Belgrade embassy Persecution of Falun Gong China Western Development Hainan Island incident APEC China 2001 Accession to the WTO Forum on China–Africa Cooperation Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
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