Hacienda de San Antonio Coapa and a train, by José María Velasco (1840—1912).
Before the 1910 Mexican Revolution, most land in post-independence Mexico was owned by wealthy Mexicans and foreigners, with small holders and indigenous communities possessing little productive land. During the colonial era, the Spanish crown protected holdings of indigenous communities that were mostly engaged in subsistence agriculture to countervail the encomienda and repartimiento systems. In the 19th century, Mexican elites consolidated large landed estates (haciendas) in many parts of the country while small holders, many of whom were mixed-race mestizos, engaged with the commercial economy.
After the War of Independence, Mexican liberals sought to modernize the economy, promoting commercial agriculture through the dissolution of common lands, most of which were then property of the Catholic Church, and indigenous communities. When liberals came to power in the mid nineteenth century, they implemented laws that mandated the breakup and sale of these corporate lands. When liberal general Porfirio Díaz took office in 1877, he embarked on a more sweeping program of modernization and economic development. His land policies sought to attract foreign investment to Mexican mining, agriculture, and ranching, resulting in Mexican and foreign investors controlling the majority of Mexican territory by the outbreak of the Mexican Revolution in 1910. Peasant mobilization against landed elites during the revolution prompted land reform in the post-revolutionary period and led to the creation of the ejido system, enshrined in the Mexican Constitution of 1917.[1][2][3]
During the first five years of agrarian reform, very few hectares were distributed.[4] Land reform attempts by past leaders and governments proved futile, as the revolution from 1910 to 1920 had been a battle of dependent labor, capitalism, and industrial ownership.[5] Fixing the agrarian problem was a question of education, methods, and creating new social relationships through co-operative effort and government assistance.[6] Initially the agrarian reform led to the development of many ejidos for communal land use, while parceled ejidos emerged in the later years.[7] Land reform in Mexico ended in 1991 after the Chamber of Deputies amended Article 27 of the Constitution.[8]
^Markiewicz, Dana, The Mexican Revolution and the Limits of Agrarian Reform, 1915-1946. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers 1993.
^Hart, John Mason, Empire and Revolution: The Americans in Mexico since the Civil War. Berkeley: University of California Press 2002
^Dwyer, Johnre J. The Agrarian Dispute: The Expropriation of American-Owned Rural Land in Postrevolutionary Mexico. Durham: Duke University Press 2008.
^Cumberland, Charles. The Meaning of the Mexican Revolution(US: D. C. Health and Company, 1967), 41
^Carleton Beals, Mexico an Interpretation(New York: B.W.Huebsch Inc., 1923), 89
^Carleton Beals, Mexico an Interpretation(New York: B.W.Huebsch Inc., 1923), 92
^Malcolm Dunn, "Privatization, Land Reform, and Property Rights: The Mexican Experience," Constitutional Political Economy, 11(2000):217
^Grohmann, Horacio Mackinlay (1993). "Las reformas de 1992 a la legislación agraria. El fin de la Reforma Agraeia mexicana y la privatización del ejido". Polis (in Spanish). 1 (1): 99–130. ISSN 2594-0686.
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