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Kronecker delta information


In mathematics, the Kronecker delta (named after Leopold Kronecker) is a function of two variables, usually just non-negative integers. The function is 1 if the variables are equal, and 0 otherwise:

or with use of Iverson brackets:
For example, because , whereas because .

The Kronecker delta appears naturally in many areas of mathematics, physics, engineering and computer science, as a means of compactly expressing its definition above.

In linear algebra, the identity matrix has entries equal to the Kronecker delta:

where and take the values , and the inner product of vectors can be written as
Here the Euclidean vectors are defined as n-tuples: and and the last step is obtained by using the values of the Kronecker delta to reduce the summation over .

It is common for i and j to be restricted to a set of the form {1, 2, ..., n} or {0, 1, ..., n − 1}, but the Kronecker delta can be defined on an arbitrary set.

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Kronecker delta

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In mathematics, the Kronecker delta (named after Leopold Kronecker) is a function of two variables, usually just non-negative integers. The function is...

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Dirac delta function

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instantaneous impulses. It is called the delta function because it is a continuous analogue of the Kronecker delta function, which is usually defined on...

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Delta

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inverted delta representing del, a vector differential operator Kronecker delta ( δ i j {\displaystyle \delta _{ij}} ), a function Dirac delta ( δ ( x...

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Leopold Kronecker

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Kronecker are the Kronecker limit formula, Kronecker's congruence, Kronecker delta, Kronecker comb, Kronecker symbol, Kronecker product, Kronecker's method...

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Ricci calculus

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4. {\displaystyle \delta _{\rho }^{\rho }=\delta _{0}^{0}+\delta _{1}^{1}+\delta _{2}^{2}+\delta _{3}^{3}=4.} The Kronecker delta is one of the family...

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Einstein notation

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{\displaystyle \mathbf {e} ^{i}(\mathbf {e} _{j})=\delta _{j}^{i}.} where δ is the Kronecker delta. As Hom ⁡ ( V , W ) = V ∗ ⊗ W {\displaystyle \operatorname...

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Canonical commutation relation

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[{\hat {x}}_{i},{\hat {p}}_{j}]=i\hbar \delta _{ij},} where δ i j {\displaystyle \delta _{ij}} is the Kronecker delta. This relation is attributed to Werner...

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Finite impulse response

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needed] The impulse response (that is, the output in response to a Kronecker delta input) of an Nth-order discrete-time FIR filter lasts exactly N + 1...

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Multilinear algebra

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space Einstein notation Exterior algebra Inner product Outer product Kronecker delta Levi-Civita symbol Multilinear form Pseudoscalar Pseudovector Spinor...

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Christoffel symbols

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tensor. For Riemannian manifolds, it is the Kronecker delta η a b = δ a b {\displaystyle \eta _{ab}=\delta _{ab}} . For pseudo-Riemannian manifolds, it...

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Cartesian tensor

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of Kronecker deltas: ε i j k ε p q k = δ i p δ j q − δ i q δ j p {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{ijk}\varepsilon _{pqk}=\delta _{ip}\delta _{jq}-\delta _{iq}\delta...

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Iverson bracket

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named after Kenneth E. Iverson, is a notation that generalises the Kronecker delta, which is the Iverson bracket of the statement x = y. It maps any statement...

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Triple product

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the Kronecker delta function ( δ j i = 0 {\displaystyle \delta _{j}^{i}=0} when i ≠ j {\displaystyle i\neq j} and δ j i = 1 {\displaystyle \delta _{j}^{i}=1}...

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Standard basis

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{(e_{i})}_{i\in I}=((\delta _{ij})_{j\in I})_{i\in I}} where I {\displaystyle I} is any set and δ i j {\displaystyle \delta _{ij}} is the Kronecker delta, equal to...

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Tensor calculus

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Z_{ik}Z^{jk}=\delta _{i}^{j}} For an orthonormal Cartesian coordinate system, the metric tensor is just the kronecker delta δ i j {\displaystyle \delta _{ij}}...

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Dot product

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\mathbf {e} _{i}\cdot \mathbf {e} _{j}=\delta _{ij},} where δ i j {\displaystyle \delta _{ij}} is the Kronecker delta. Also, by the geometric definition,...

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Elasticity tensor

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{1}{2}}\left(\delta _{i}^{k}\delta _{j}^{l}+\delta _{i}^{l}\delta _{j}^{k}\right)} where δ n m {\displaystyle \delta _{n}^{m}} is the Kronecker delta. Unless...

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Identity matrix

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matrix can also be written using the Kronecker delta notation: ( I n ) i j = δ i j . {\displaystyle (I_{n})_{ij}=\delta _{ij}.} When A {\displaystyle A} is...

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Dual basis

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}}\end{cases}}} where δ j i {\displaystyle \delta _{j}^{i}} is the Kronecker delta symbol. To perform operations with a vector, we must have a straightforward...

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Covariance and contravariance of vectors

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g ( Y i , X j ) = δ j i , {\displaystyle g(Y^{i},X_{j})=\delta _{j}^{i},} the Kronecker delta. In terms of these bases, any vector v can be written in...

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Planck constant

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[{\hat {p}}_{i},{\hat {x}}_{j}]=-i\hbar \delta _{ij},} where δ i j {\displaystyle \delta _{ij}} is the Kronecker delta. The Planck relation connects the particular...

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Quadrupole

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, y , z {\displaystyle x,y,z} and δ i j {\displaystyle \delta _{ij}} is the Kronecker delta. This means that x , y , z {\displaystyle x,y,z} must be...

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Laser beam welding

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this is by using a Kronecker delta which modifies q as follows: q = δ ∗ q e {\displaystyle q=\delta *qe} , where δ= the Kronecker delta, qe=experimentally...

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