Political concept emphasising Malay preeminence in Malaysia
This article is part of a series on the
Politics of Malaysia
Head of State
Yang di-Pertuan Agong
Ibrahim Iskandar
Conference of Rulers
Legislature
Parliament of Malaysia
15th Parliament
Senate (Dewan Negara)
President Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar
House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat)
Speaker Johari Abdul
Leader of the Government Anwar Ibrahim
Leader of the Opposition Hamzah Zainudin
Executive
Cabinet
Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim
Civil service (agencies)
Chief Secretary Mohd. Zuki Ali
Judiciary
Federal Court
Chief Justice Tengku Maimun Tuan Mat
Court of Appeal
President Abang Iskandar Abang Hashim
High Court in Malaya ∙ High Court in Sabah and Sarawak
Chief Judge of Malaya Mohamad Zabidin
Chief Judge of Sabah and Sarawak Abdul Rahman Sebli
Elections
Election Commission of Malaysia
General elections: 2022
Electoral districts
Political parties
BN
PH
PN
GPS
GRS
List of political parties in Malaysia
Federalism
State governments
Chief ministers of the states
State legislatures (members)
Local governments (list)
Ideologies and concepts
Anarchism
Communism
Conservatism
Feminism
Rukun Negara
Malay nationalism
Reformasi
Islam Hadhari
Asian values
Race and politics
Dayaks in politics
Ketuanan Melayu
Bumiputera
Malaysian Malaysia
Social contract
Malaysia portal
Politics portal
Other countries
v
t
e
Part of a series on
Discrimination
Forms
Institutional
Structural
Statistical
Taste-based
Attributes
Age
Caste
Class
Dialect
Disability
Genetic
Hair texture
Height
Language
Looks
Mental disorder
Race / Ethnicity
Skin color
Scientific racism
Rank
Sex
Sexual orientation
Species
Size
Viewpoint
Social
Arophobia
Acephobia
Adultism
Anti-albinism
Anti-autism
Anti-homelessness
Anti-drug addicts
Anti-intellectualism
Anti-intersex
Anti-left handedness
Anti-Masonry
Antisemitism
Aporophobia
Audism
Biphobia
Clannism
Cronyism
Elitism
Ephebiphobia
Social determinants of health
Social determinants of health in poverty
Social determinants of mental health
Fatphobia
Gayphobia
Gerontophobia
Heterosexism
HIV/AIDS stigma
Homophobia
Leprosy stigma
Lesbophobia
Discrimination against men
Misandry
Misogyny
Nepotism
Pedophobia
Perpetual foreigner
Pregnancy
Reverse
Sectarianism
Supremacism
Black
White
Transphobia
Non-binary
Transmisogyny
Trans men
Vegaphobia
Xenophobia
Religious
Ahmadiyya
Atheism
Baháʼí Faith
Buddhism
Catholicism
Christianity
post–Cold War era
Falun Gong
Hinduism
Persecution
Untouchability
Islam
Persecution
Jehovah's Witnesses
Judaism
Persecution
LDS or Mormon
Neopaganism
Eastern Orthodox
Oriental Orthodox
Protestantism
Rastafari
Shi'ism
Sufism
Zoroastrianism
Ethnic/national
Afghan
African
Albanian
Arab
Armenian
Asian
France
South Africa
United States
Assyrian
Azerbaijani
Black people
African Americans
China
South Africa
Bengali
Bulgarian
Catalan
Chechen
Chinese
Croat
Filipino
Fulani
Finnish
French
Georgian
German
Greek
Haitian
Hazara
Hispanic
Hungarian
Igbo
Indian
Indigenous people
Australia
Canada
United States
Iranian
Irish
Israeli
Italian
Japanese
Jewish
Korean
Kurdish
Lithuanian
Malay
Mexican
Middle Eastern
Mongolian
Pakistani
Palestinians
Pashtun
Polish
Quebec
Romani
Romanian
Russian
Serb
Slavic
Somali
Tatar
Thai
Turkish
Ukrainian
Uyghur
Venezuelan
Vietnamese
Manifestations
Anti-LGBT rhetoric
Blood libel
Bullying
Cancel culture
Capital punishment for homosexuality
Compulsory sterilization
Corrective rape
Counter-jihad
Cultural genocide
Defamation
Democide
Disability hate crime
Dog whistle
Economic
Education
Employment
Eliminationism
Enemy of the people
Ethnic cleansing
Ethnic conflict
Ethnic hatred
Ethnic joke
Ethnocide
Forced conversion
Freak show
Gay bashing
Gendercide
Genital modification and mutilation
Genocide
examples
Glass ceiling
Hate crime
LGBT
Hate group
Hate speech
Homeless dumping
Housing
Indian rolling
Intersectionality
Lavender scare
LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
List of people killed for being transgender
Lynching
Mortgage
Murder music
Native American mascots
Braves
Blackhawks
Chiefs
Occupational segregation
Persecution
Pogrom
Political repression
Purge
Racialization
Religious persecution
Religious terrorism
Religious violence
Religious war
Scapegoating
Segregation academy
Sexual harassment
Sex-selective abortion
Slut-shaming
Trans bashing
Victimisation
Violence against women
White flight
White genocide conspiracy theory
Wife selling
Witch-hunt
Policies
Age of candidacy
Blood purity
Blood quantum
Crime of apartheid
Disabilities
Catholic
Jewish
Gender pay gap
Gender roles
Gerontocracy
Gerrymandering
Ghetto benches
Internment
Jewish quota
Law for Protection of the Nation
MSM blood donation restrictions
Nonpersons
Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota)
One-drop rule
Racial quota
Racial segregation
Jim Crow laws
Nuremberg Laws
Racial steering
Redlining
Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
Segregation
age
racial
religious
sexual
Social exclusion
Sodomy law
State atheism
State religion
Ugly law
Voter suppression
Countermeasures
Affirmative action
Anti-discrimination law
Anti-racism
Constitutional colorblindness
Cultural assimilation
Cultural pluralism
Diversity training
Empowerment
Fat acceptance movement
Feminism
Fighting Discrimination
Hate speech laws by country
Human rights
Intersex human rights
LGBT rights
Masculism
Multiculturalism
Nonviolence
Racial integration
Reappropriation
Self-determination
Social integration
Toleration
Related topics
Allophilia
Amatonormativity
Bias
Christian privilege
Cisnormativity
Civil liberties
Dehumanization
Diversity
Ethnic penalty
Eugenics
Figleaf
Gender-blind
Heteronormativity
Internalized oppression
Intersectionality
Male privilege
Masculism
Medical model of disability
autism
Multiculturalism
Net bias
Neurodiversity
Oikophobia
Oppression
Police brutality
Political correctness
Polyculturalism
Power distance
Prejudice
Prisoner abuse
Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
Racism by country
Racial color blindness
Religious intolerance
Second-generation gender bias
Snobbery
Social exclusion
Social identity threat
Social model of disability
Social stigma
Speciesism
Stereotype
threat
The talk
White privilege
v
t
e
Part of a series of articles on
Racial and ethnic segregation
Overview
Anti-miscegenation laws
Crime of apartheid
Allegations
Caste
Xenophobia
Environmental / Institutional racism
Ethnic nationalism
Forced displacement
Housing discrimination
Exclusionary zoning
Redlining
Settler colonialism
Historical examples
Australia
Canada
Pass system
Separate schools
Indian hospitals
Fascist Italy
French colonial empire
Code Noir
Indigénat
Greek–Turkish population exchange
Jewish ghettos in Europe
Pale of Settlement
Partition of India
Portugal & Spain
Nazi Germany
Nuremberg Laws
Rhodesia
South Africa
Bantustans
Pass laws
United Kingdom
United States
Black Codes
Jim Crow laws
Separate but equal
Contemporary examples
Anti-Romanyism
Italy
Romania
Slovenia
Roma walls
Bosnia–Herzegovina
Schools
Brazil
Cyprus
Gulf states
Saudi Arabia
UAE
South Asian labourers
India
Uthapuram
Muslims
Israel
Palestinian enclaves / law
Hafrada
Barriers
Malaysia
Mauritania
Morocco
Myanmar
Northern Ireland
Sudan
United States
Academies
Housing
Schools
Residential
Xinjiang
Yemen
Related
Citizenship
Statelessness
Forced assimilation
Gender apartheid
Income inequality
One-drop rule
Slavery
Category
Commons
v
t
e
Ketuanan Melayu (Jawi script: كتوانن ملايو; lit. "Malay Overlordship" or "Malay Supremacy") is a political concept that emphasises Malay preeminence in present-day Malaysia. The Malays of Malaysia have claimed a special position and special rights owing to their longer history in the area[1] and the fact that the present Malaysian state itself evolved from a Malay polity.[2] The oldest political institution in Malaysia is the system of Malay rulers of the nine Malay states. The British colonial authorities transformed the system and turned it first into a system of indirect rule, then in 1948, using this culturally based institution, they incorporated the Malay monarchy into the blueprints for the independent Federation of Malaya.[3]
The term Tanah Melayu in its name, which literally means "Malay homeland", assumes proprietorship of the Malay states. In this method, the colonial government strengthened Malay ethno-nationalism, Malay ethnicity and culture and Malay sovereignty in the new nation-state. Though other cultures would continue to flourish, the identity of the emerging political community was to be shaped by the "historic" political culture of its dominant Malay ethnic group.[4] The Chinese and Indian immigrants, who form a significant minority in Malaysia, are considered beholden to the Malays for granting them citizenship in return for special privileges as set out in Article 153 of the Constitution of Malaysia. This quid pro quo arrangement is usually referred to as the Malaysian social contract. The concept of ketuanan Melayu is usually cited by politicians, particularly those from the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO).
The phrase ketuanan Melayu did not come into vogue until the early 2000s decade. Historically, the most vocal political opposition towards the concept has come from non-Malay-based parties, such as the Malaysian People's Movement Party (Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia) and Democratic Action Party (DAP); in the 2000s decade, the multiracial (Parti Keadilan Rakyat, or PKR) also positioned itself against ketuanan Melayu, advocating instead ketuanan rakyat (supremacy of the people). The idea of Malay nationalism gained attention in the 1940s, when the Malays organised themselves to protest the Malayan Union's establishment, and later fought for independence. During the 1960s, there was a substantial effort challenging Malay nationalism led by the People's Action Party (PAP) of Singapore — which was a state in Malaysia from 1963 to 1965 — and the DAP after Singapore's expulsion. However, the portions of the Constitution related to Malay nationalism were "entrenched" after the race riots of 13 May 1969, which followed an election campaign focused on the issue of non-Malay rights and Malay nationalism. This period also saw the rise of "ultras" who advocated a one-party government led by UMNO, and an increased emphasis on the Malays being the "definitive people" of Malaysia — i.e., only a Malay could be a true Malaysian.
The riots caused a major change in the government's approach to racial issues, and led to the introduction of an aggressive affirmative action policy strongly favouring the Malays, the New Economic Policy (NEP). The National Culture Policy, also introduced in 1970, emphasised an assimilation of the non-Malays into the Malay ethnic group. However, during the 1990s Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad rejected this approach, with his Bangsa Malaysia policy emphasising a Malaysian instead of Malay identity for the state. During the 2010s decade politicians began stressing the phrase ketuanan Melayu, and publicly chastised government ministers who questioned the social contract.
^Ooi Keat Gin (2008). Historical Dictionary of Malaysia. The Scarecrow Press, Inc. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-8108-5955-5.
^K.Das (1987). Malay Dominance? The Abdullah Rubric. K Das Ink. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-9679999-0-6.
^Amy L. Freedman (2000). Political Participation and Ethnic Minorities: Chinese Overseas in Malaysia, Indonesia, and the United States. Routledge. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-415-92446-7.
^Wang Gungwu (2005). Nation Building: Five Southeast Asian Histories. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 99. ISBN 978-981-230-320-2.
KetuananMelayu (Jawi script: كتوانن ملايو; lit. "Malay Overlordship" or "Malay Supremacy") is a political concept that emphasises Malay preeminence in...
uphold the aspirations of Malay nationalism and the racial concept of KetuananMelayu (lit. Malay Supremacy), as well as the dignity of the Malay race, the...
system to advance Malay dominance in accordance with the ideology of KetuananMelayu (lit. "Malay Supremacy"). On 31 August 1957, Malaya gained its independence...
Malaysia. The former long-term ruling party of UMNO also promoted KetuananMelayu: the idea that the Bumiputeras should get special privileges in Malaysia...
exist as a united and organised political movement. The concept of ketuananMelayu (Malay hegemony) was largely irrelevant at the time, as the Chinese...
The Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Singapura (abbreviation: PKMS; English: Singapore Malay National Organisation) is a political party in Singapore. The...
Kesatuan Melayu Muda (KMM) (Jawi: كساتوان ملايو مودا ; "Young Malays Union" in Malay) was the first leftist and national political establishment in British...
with provocative headlines championing the Dasar Ekonomi Baru and KetuananMelayu. Just one day after the 2013 general elections, in which the ruling...
Malaysia—at the perceived expense of the bumiputera and the policies of KetuananMelayu—eventually led to Singapore's expulsion from the federation two years...
discrimination against other Malaysian citizens, with the goal of creating ketuananMelayu (Malay supremacy). "Malaysian Malaysia" is not a mere tautology, because...
to the Article 153 of the Constitution of Malaysia, as well as the KetuananMelayu (Malay supremacy) ideology, which gives them more economic, political...
Anti-Malayan Union Movement based on this ideological understanding of ketuananMelayu. Its founding president, Dato' Onn Jaafar, once said that the UMNO...
enriching governmental officials and their associates. The concept of KetuananMelayu or Malay supremacy is accepted by the Malay-majority political sphere...
United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), which favoured the idea of KetuananMelayu and Malay racial nationalism for the country. In contrast, the PAP...
who had come to identify themselves as ‘Peninsular Malays’) would be KetuananMelayu. The establishing of Malaysia in 1963 was a victory for those advocating...
Indonesia Japan Racism in Japan Korea Laos Malaysia Racism in Malaysia KetuananMelayu Myanmar Nazi Germany Philippines Singapore Taiwan Thailand United States...
The Parti Melayu Semangat 46 or Spirit of 46 Malay Party (S46) was a Malaysian political party. The party was formed in 1988, and dissolved in 1996. It...
were guaranteed special rights (or, some insist, Malay supremacy — ketuananMelayu). The amendments thus effectively "entrenched" the social contract...
Indonesia Japan Racism in Japan Korea Laos Malaysia Racism in Malaysia KetuananMelayu Myanmar Nazi Germany Philippines Singapore Taiwan Thailand United States...
Indonesia Japan Racism in Japan Korea Laos Malaysia Racism in Malaysia KetuananMelayu Myanmar Nazi Germany Philippines Singapore Taiwan Thailand United States...
Indonesia Japan Racism in Japan Korea Laos Malaysia Racism in Malaysia KetuananMelayu Myanmar Nazi Germany Philippines Singapore Taiwan Thailand United States...
supporting the Malay race. In 2021, Mahathir said he did not believe in "KetuananMelayu", calling it a "fantasy", and said instead that he believed in the...
Indonesia Japan Racism in Japan Korea Laos Malaysia Racism in Malaysia KetuananMelayu Myanmar Nazi Germany Philippines Singapore Taiwan Thailand United States...
Reformasi Islam Hadhari Asian values Race and politics Dayaks in politics KetuananMelayu Bumiputera Malaysian Malaysia Social contract Malaysia portal Politics...
nationalism Herrenvolk democracy Identitarian movement Identity politics KetuananMelayu Korean ethnic nationalism Juche List of irredentist claims or disputes...
Reformasi Islam Hadhari Asian values Race and politics Dayaks in politics KetuananMelayu Bumiputera Malaysian Malaysia Social contract Malaysia portal Politics...
of ethnic nationalism, which promised to help Malays as part of the KetuananMelayu ideology. It was in Kulim that Tunku married his first wife, Meriam...
Reformasi Islam Hadhari Asian values Race and politics Dayaks in politics KetuananMelayu Bumiputera Malaysian Malaysia Social contract Malaysia portal Politics...