Anthem:Allah Selamatkan Sultan Mahkota God Save the Crowned Sultan (since 1937)
Kedah in present-day Malaysia
Status
Old Kedah (330–1136) Independent Sultanate (1136–1821) State of Siam (1821–1909) Protectorate of the United Kingdom (1909–1941; 1945–1946)
Capital
Alor Setar Anak Bukit
Common languages
Malay
Kedah Malay
English
Chinese
Tamil
Aslian
Religion
Sunni Islam
Government
Absolute monarchy (1136-1941; 1945-1946; 1948-1957) Parliamentary constitutional monarchy within Malaysia (since 1957)
Sultan
• 1136–1179
Mudzaffar Shah I (first)
• 2017–present
Sallehuddin
Advisor
• 1909–1915; 1918–1919
George Maxwell
Legislature
None (rule by decree) (1136-1905) Kedah State Council (1905-1941; 1945-1946; 1948-1959) Kedah State Legislative Assembly
Historical era
Early modern period
• Conversion to Islam
1136; 888 years ago (1136)
• Golden Age
1735
• Annexed by Siam
November 1821
• Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909
9 July 1909
• Japanese occupation
16 February 1942
• Annexed by Thailand
18 October 1943
• Japanese surrender; returned to United Kingdom
14 August 1945
• Added into Malayan Union
31 March 1946
Population
• 1931
429,691[1]
Currency
Native gold and silver coins Straits dollar (until 1939) Malayan dollar (until 1953)
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Kedah Kingdom
Srivijaya
Syburi
Malayan Union
Kedah
Rattanakosin Kingdom
Today part of
Malaysia
1 Remains as capital until today 2 Malay using Jawi (Arabic) script
The Kedah Sultanate (Malay: كسلطانن قدح) is a Muslim dynasty located in the Malay Peninsula. It was originally an independent state, but became a British protectorate in 1909. Its monarchy was abolished after it was added to the Malayan Union but was restored and added to the Malayan Union's successor, the Federation of Malaya.
The information regarding the formation of this sultanate and the history before and after its creation comes from the "Kedah Annals". The annals were written in the 18th century, over a millennium after the formation of the supposed Kedah Kingdom. It describes the first king of Kedah as arriving on the shores of Kedah as a result of an attack by a mythical gigantic beast. It states that the nation was founded by the offspring of Alexander the Great. However, Thai chronicles mention that Kedah was a Thai city like Nakhon Si Thammarat and was a part of the Siamese kingdom but later was changed into a Malay state after invasion by Muslim kingdoms until today.[2]
The Kedah Annals provides unreliable information on the sultans of Kedah, listing the first sultan of Kedah as Sultan Mudzafar Shah I in 1136, while an Acehnese account gives the conversion of Kedah to Islam in 1474. Although not impossible, the year 1136 is also unlikely since it pre-dates the Terengganu Inscription Stone by almost three centuries. Claims made by the Kedah Annals also directly contradict the fact that the Buddhist Srivijaya kingdom was in direct control of Kedah at the time Sultan Mudzafar Shah I allegedly converted the region to a sultanate. Kedah may have remained Hindu-Buddhist until the 15th century.[3]
^"Census population by state, Peninsular Malaysia, 1901–2010". Economic History Malaya. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
^Rajanubhab, Damrong. "The royal chronicle in Rama II of Rattanakosin era". Vajirayana Digital Library (in Thai).
^Dokras, Dr Uday (January 2020). "The spread of Hindu Culture and Religion by Trade routes to far East (Not including Cambodia, Indonesia or Thailand". Indo Nordic Author's Collective.
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living skills on the sea and in the hills. Red Earth Kingdom / Chi Tu Sultanate of Kedah Trade route Cities along the Silk Road Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara...
at war with Burma and which saw Kedah as its vassal state, frequently demanded that Kedah send reinforcements. Kedah, in many cases, was a reluctant ally...
Kedah in 1619 was launched by Aceh Sultanate to destroy the rival pepper port of Kedah. The Acehnese were victorious, and Kedah was destroyed. Kedah was...
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eventually became the next heir to the sultanate (behind his elder half-brother, the then-Raja Muda of Kedah, Tunku Abdul Malik). Sultan Sallehuddin...
The Johor Sultanate (Malay: Kesultanan Johor or کسلطانن جوهر; also called the Sultanate of Johor, Johor-Pahang-Riau-Lingga, or the Johor Empire) was founded...
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of Kedah's ownership over the island. Langkawi had long been at the periphery of, but closely associated with, the domain of the KedahSultanate. Legend...
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Alor Setar (Jawi: الور ستار, Kedahan: Loqstaq) is the state capital of Kedah, Malaysia. It is the second-largest city in the state after Sungai Petani...
alternative route to the state of Perlis. Sultanate of KedahKedah is one of the oldest surviving sultanates in the world founded in 1136. Prior to becoming...
colonialism, beginning with the acquisition of Penang Island from the Sultanate of Kedah by the British East India Company in 1786. Developed into a free port...
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ruled under Islamic states, except Bali that retained a Hindu majority. Sultanates, city states, local kingdoms and tribes were all connected through trade...
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