KHAM[1] (hindi: खाम) stands for Koli Kshatriya, Harijan, Adivasi and Muslim. Here Kshatriya is taken to include the Kolis.[2] In the KHAM combine, Kolis were the largest caste represented at different levels of politics, and Madhavsinh Solanki increased the reservation quota for Other Backward Classes in Gujarat.[3] The theory was propounded by Madhavsinh Solanki in 1980s in Gujarat to create vote bank for Indian National Congress and prepared by Jhinabhai Darji.[4][5][6] Using the formula, Congress was able to capture 149 seats in the 182-member Assembly. However the formula alienated Patels permanently from Congress.[7][8] during the Kham alliance, castes such as Bania, Patidar and Brahmins lost their importance in the state, so they propounded the Anti reservation agitation in 1981 and 1985 in Gujarat to get rid of the power of OBC castes.[9]
Bharatsinh Solanki, state Congress president and the son of Madhavsinh Solanki, attempted to revise his father's formula by coming up with KHAMP (Kshatriya, Harijan, Adivasi, Muslim, and Patel) in 2017.[10] While Congress was able to increase its seat count by 16, it ultimately failed to receive majority. The Congress was able to get Hardik Patel, the leader of the Patidar reservation agitation to campaign for it.[11]
An article by Deepal Trivedi in 2019 suggests the combination OPT (OBC, Patidar, Tribals) is the new winning combination in Gujarat. It suggests these numbers for the major caste groups in Gujarat: OBC 43%, Patidar 12.6%, Tribals 15%, Muslims 10%, Scheduled castes 8%. The forward castes are Rajputs 6%, Brahmins 2%, Bania 2%, Jain 1%.[12] OBC (Other backward class) refer to a group of castes, as determined by the state government for affirmative action.
^Chatterji, Rakhahari (2001). Politics India: The State-society Interface. New Delhi, India: South Asian Publishers. p. 322. ISBN 978-81-7003-245-8.
^Gupta, Dipankar (1996). Political Sociology in India: Contemporary Trends. New Delhi, India: Orient Blackswan. p. 103. ISBN 978-81-250-0665-7.
^Lobo, Lancy (1995). The Thakors of North Gujarat: A Caste in the Village and the Region. New Delhi, India: Hindustan Publishing Corporation. p. 176. ISBN 978-81-7075-035-2.
^
"The fixed centre around which Gujarat caste politics revolves". The Indian Express. 27 August 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
^
Shani, Ornit (2007). Communalism, Caste and Hindu Nationalism: The Violence in Gujarat. Cambridge University Press. pp. 70. ISBN 978-0-521-68369-2.
^
Engineer, Asghar Ali (2003). Introduction. New Delhi: Orient Longman. pp. 1–24. ISBN 81-250-2496-4. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^
Bhattacharya, D. P. (6 November 2012). "Looking past 2012". Mail Today. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
^
Langa, Mahesh (23 August 2015). "Quota agitation in Gujarat heading for caste conflicts?". The Hindu. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
^Shinoda, Takashi (2002). The Other Gujarat. India: Popular Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-7154-874-3.
^Congress will go for ‘KHAM’ formula, Kundan Jha, Sunday Guardian Live, July 8, 2017
^The Patel vote: The decisive factor in Gujarat Elections, Dec 11,2017, TOI, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/61992704.cms
^Deepal Trivedi (9 April 2019). "OPT is the new KHAM of Gujarat". Ahmedabad Mirror. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019.
KHAM (hindi: खाम) stands for Koli Kshatriya, Harijan, Adivasi and Muslim. Here Kshatriya is taken to include the Kolis. In the KHAM combine, Kolis were...
various times. Patel is known as the founder of Kokam Theory which was initiated to counter the KhamTheory of Indian National Congress and it was very successful...
Commission for Backward Classes. Caste system in India Identity politics KHAMtheory Luv-Kush equation "Study reveals origin of India's caste system". The...
castes towards the Bharatiya Janata Party, due to which the Congress's Khamtheory was in vain. List of some positions 1980–89 President, BJP, Taluka Viramgam...
'Dalai', he returned to Tibet to found the great monasteries of Lithang in Kham, eastern Tibet and Kumbum in Amdo, north-eastern Tibet. The 4th was then...
their own languages and cultures. Although some of the Qiang peoples of Kham are classified by China as ethnic Tibetans (see Gyalrongic languages; Gyalrong...
from Kham. Pandatsang means "House of Pangda" in Kham. The Pandatsang were an extremely rich Khampa trading family with enormous influence in Kham. The...
probably cognate with Chinese àn < *ʔə̂mʔ 黯; 'dim'', 'gloomy'' and qīn < *khəm 衾; 'blanket'. yang < *laŋ compares with Lepcha a-lóŋ 'reflecting light',...
Thailand Hot subdistrict, a sub-district of Hot District, Thailand Tha Kham, Chiang Mai, also known as Hot, a town in Hot District, Chiang Mai province...
Sriprat composed Anirut Kham Chan ("the tale of Prince Anirudha in kham chan poetry") which is considered to be one of the best kham chan composition in the...
governments in Lhasa, Shigatse, or nearby locations. The eastern regions of Kham and Amdo often maintained a more decentralized indigenous political structure...
the speakers of the Northern Thai language (also known as Phasa Mueang or Kham Mueang) have become so few, as most people in northern Thailand now invariably...
the imperial official Feng Quan (凤全) to Kham to begin reasserting Qing control. Feng Quan's initiatives in Kham of land reforms and reductions to the number...
religious poems. Kelzang Gyatso was born in Lithang of Eastern Tibet or Kham, in the present-day Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of present-day Sichuan...
factions from the death of Lan Kham Deng to the accession of Chakkaphat Phaen Phaeo. Beginning with the premature death of Lan Kham Deng, the period from 1428...
Fang). He then fled to Vieng Si Tuang (เวียงศรีทวง; present-day Wiang Phang Kham, Mae Sai district) but had to send tributes to Yonok annually until his son...
changes in the cardinal number system, e.g., khamsat ayyām 'five days' → kham(a)s tiyyām, where certain words have a special plural with prefixed t. Loss...
lamas. In 1814, the registration process for all 167 Tulkus in Tibet, the Kham area and Inner Mongolia was completed. On 26 January 1940, the Reting Rinpoche...
Revolutionary Council headed by General Ne Win, his wife, Sao Nang Hearn Kham (Mahadevi of Yawnghwe) fled with her family to Thailand in April 1962. Sao...
in North Vietnamese "elections".: 193–194, 202–203, 215–217 The domino theory, which argued that if one country fell to communism, then all of the surrounding...
Phong alone on December 18, 45 people were killed, 131 people were injured. Kham Thien Street, Hanoi was attacked on the night of December 26, 1972, killing...
provinces, headed by a Bishop who is called the Regional Religious Chief / Khâm Trấn Đạo. The Religious Province (Châu Đạo) comprising several districts...
from the extensive Pandatsang family, a wealthy wool merchant family from Kham. The other core members of the movement were Thubten Kunphela, the Buddhist...
Global Information