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Vietnam War information


"Second Indochina War" redirects here. For the war between India and China, see Nathu La and Cho La clashes.

For a full history of wars in Vietnam, see List of wars involving Vietnam. For the documentary television series, see The Vietnam War (TV series).
Vietnam War
Part of the Indochina Wars and the Cold War in Asia
Vietnam War
Vietnam War
Vietnam War
Vietnam War
Vietnam War
Vietnam War
Clockwise from top left:
  • American Huey helicopters inserting South Vietnamese ARVN troops, 1970
  • North Vietnamese PAVN troops in action, c. 1966
  • American marines using a flamethrower, 1967
  • South Vietnamese general Nguyễn Ngọc Loan summarily executing Viet Cong officer Nguyễn Văn Lém during the Tet Offensive, 1968
  • Two Douglas A-4C Skyhawks flying past the aircraft carrier USS Kearsarge, 1964
  • Burial of civilians killed in the Massacre at Huế, 1968
Date1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975
(19 years, 5 months, 4 weeks and 1 day)[A 1][5]
Location
  • South Vietnam
  • North Vietnam
  • Cambodia
  • Laos
  • South China Sea
  • Gulf of Thailand (spillover conflict in China, and Thailand)
Result North Vietnamese victory
Territorial
changes		 Reunification of North Vietnam and South Vietnam into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in 1976
Belligerents
  • Vietnam War North Vietnam
  • Vietnam War Viet Cong and PRG
  • Vietnam War Pathet Lao
  • Vietnam War Khmer Rouge
  • Vietnam War GRUNK (1970–1975)
  • Vietnam War China (1965–1969)
  • Vietnam War Soviet Union
  • Vietnam War North Korea
  • Vietnam War South Vietnam
  • Vietnam War United States
  • Vietnam War South Korea
  • Vietnam War Australia
  • Vietnam War New Zealand
  • Vietnam War Laos
  • Vietnam War Cambodia (1967–1970)
  • Vietnam War Khmer Republic (1970–1975)
  • Vietnam War Thailand
  • Vietnam War Philippines
  • Vietnam War Taiwan
Commanders and leaders
  • North Vietnam Hồ Chí Minh
  • North Vietnam Lê Duẩn
  • North Vietnam Võ Nguyên Giáp
  • North Vietnam Phạm Văn Đồng
  • Vietnam War Trần Văn Trà
  • ... and others
  • South Vietnam Ngô Đình Diệm X [A 2]
  • South Vietnam Nguyễn Văn Thiệu
  • South Vietnam Nguyễn Cao Kỳ
  • United States Lyndon B. Johnson[A 3]
  • United States Richard Nixon
  • United States Robert McNamara
  • United States William Westmoreland[A 4]
  • United States Creighton Abrams
  • ... and others
Strength

≈860,000 (1967)

  • Vietnam War North Vietnam:
    690,000 (1966, including PAVN and Viet Cong)[A 5]
  • Vietnam War Viet Cong:
    ~200,000 (estimated, 1968)[7]
  • Vietnam War China:
    170,000 (1968)
    320,000 total[8][9][10]
  • Vietnam War Khmer Rouge:
    70,000 (1972)[11]: 376 
  • Vietnam War Pathet Lao:
    48,000 (1970)[12]
  • Vietnam War Soviet Union: ~3,000[13]
  • Vietnam War North Korea: 200[14]

≈1,420,000 (1968)

  • Vietnam War South Vietnam:
    850,000 (1968)
    1,500,000 (1974–1975)[15]
  • Vietnam War United States:
    2,709,918 serving in Vietnam total
    Peak: 543,000 (April 1969)[11]: xlv 
  • Vietnam War Khmer Republic:
    200,000 (1973)[citation needed]
  • Vietnam War Laos:
    72,000 (Royal Army and Hmong militia)[16][17]
  • Vietnam War South Korea:
    48,000 per year (1965–1973, 320,000 total)
  • Vietnam War Thailand: 32,000 per year (1965–1973)
    (in Vietnam[18] and Laos)[citation needed]
  • Vietnam War Australia: 50,190 total
    (Peak: 8,300 combat troops)[19]
  • Vietnam War New Zealand: Peak: 552 in 1968[20]: 158 
  • Vietnam War Philippines: 2,061
  • Vietnam War Spain: 100-130 total
    (Peak: 30 medical troops and advisors)[21]
Casualties and losses
  • Vietnam WarVietnam War North Vietnam & Viet Cong
    30,000–182,000 civilian dead[11]: 176 [22][23]: 450–453 [24]
    849,018 military dead (per Vietnam; 1/3 non-combat deaths)[25][26][27]
    666,000–950,765 dead
    (US estimated 1964–1974)[A 6][22][23]: 450–451 
    232,000+ military missing (per Vietnam)[25][28]
    600,000+ military wounded[29]: 739 
  • Vietnam War Khmer Rouge: Unknown
  • Laos Pathet Lao: Unknown
  • Vietnam War China: ~1,100 dead and 4,200 wounded[10]
  • Vietnam War Soviet Union: 16 dead[30]
  • Vietnam War North Korea: 14 dead[31][32]

Total military dead/missing:
≈1,100,000
Total military wounded:
≈604,200
(excluding GRUNK/Khmer Rouge and Pathet Lao)

  • Vietnam War South Vietnam:
    195,000–430,000 civilian dead[22][23]: 450–453 [33]
    Military dead: 313,000 (total)[34]
    • 254,256 combat deaths (between 1960 and 1974)[35]: 275 

    1,170,000 military wounded[11]
    ≈ 1,000,000 captured[36]
  • Vietnam War United States:
    58,281 dead[37] (47,434 from combat)[38][39]
    303,644 wounded (including 150,341 not requiring hospital care)[A 7]
  • Vietnam War Laos: 15,000 army dead[44]
  • Vietnam War Khmer Republic: Unknown
  • Vietnam War South Korea: 5,099 dead; 10,962 wounded; 4 missing
  • Vietnam War Australia: 521 dead; 3,129 wounded[45]
  • Vietnam War Thailand: 351 dead[11]
  • Vietnam War New Zealand: 37 dead[46]
  • Vietnam War Taiwan: 25 dead[47]
    17 captured[48]
  • Vietnam War Philippines: 9 dead;[49] 64 wounded[50]
Total military dead:
333,620 (1960–1974) – 392,364 (total)
Total military wounded:
≈1,340,000+[11]
(excluding FARK and FANK)
Total military captured:
≈1,000,000+
  • Vietnamese civilian dead: 405,000–2,000,000[23]: 450–453 [51][52]
  • Vietnamese total dead: 966,000[22]–3,010,000[52]
  • Cambodian Civil War dead: 275,000–310,000[53][54][55]
  • Laotian Civil War dead: 20,000–62,000[52]
  • Non-Indochinese military dead: 65,494
  • Total dead: 1,326,494–3,447,494
  • For more information see Vietnam War casualties and Aircraft losses of the Vietnam War
Vietnam War FULRO fought an insurgency against both South Vietnam and North Vietnam with the Viet Cong and was supported by Cambodia for much of the war.

The Vietnam War was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955[A 1] to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and a major conflict of the Cold War. While the war was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam, the north was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist states, while the south was supported by the US and anti-communist allies. This made it a proxy war between the US and Soviet Union. It lasted almost 20 years, with direct US military involvement ending in 1973. The conflict spilled into the Laotian and Cambodian civil wars, which ended with all three countries becoming communist in 1975.

After the fall of French Indochina with the 1954 Geneva Conference, the country gained independence from France but was divided into two parts: the Viet Minh took control of North Vietnam, while the US assumed financial and military support for South Vietnam.[56][A 8] The Viet Cong (VC), a South Vietnamese common front under the direction of the north, initiated guerrilla war in the south. The People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) engaged in more conventional warfare with US and Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) forces. North Vietnam invaded Laos in 1958, establishing the Ho Chi Minh trail to supply and reinforce the VC.[57]: 16  By 1963, the north had sent 40,000 soldiers to fight in the south.[57]: 16  US involvement increased under President John F. Kennedy, from 1,000 military advisors in 1959 to 23,000 by 1964.[58][29]: 131 

Following the Gulf of Tonkin incident in 1964, the US Congress passed a resolution that gave President Johnson authority to increase military presence, without a declaration of war. Johnson ordered deployment of combat units and dramatically increased American troops to 184,000.[58] US and South Vietnamese forces relied on air supremacy and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations. The US conducted a strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam[29]: 371–374 [59] and built up its forces, despite little progress. In 1968, North Vietnam launched the Tet Offensive; a tactical defeat, but a strategic victory, as it caused US domestic support to fade.[29]: 481  In 1969, North Vietnam declared the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam. The 1970 deposing of Cambodia's monarch, resulted in a PAVN invasion of the country, and then a US-ARVN counter-invasion, escalating Cambodia's Civil War. After Richard Nixon's election in 1969, a policy of "Vietnamization" began, which saw the conflict fought by an expanded ARVN, while US forces withdrew due to domestic opposition. US ground forces had mostly withdrawn by 1972, the 1973 Paris Peace Accords saw all US forces withdrawn[60]: 457  and were broken almost immediately: fighting continued for two years. Phnom Penh fell to the Khmer Rouge in April 1975, while the 1975 spring offensive saw the Fall of Saigon to the PAVN, marking the end of the war. North and South Vietnam were reunified on 2 July the following year.

The war exacted enormous human cost: estimates of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed range from 970,000 to 3 million. Some 275,000–310,000 Cambodians, 20,000–62,000 Laotians, and 58,220 US service members died.[A 7] Its end would precipitate the Vietnamese boat people and the larger Indochina refugee crisis, which saw millions leave Indochina, an estimated 250,000 perished at sea.[61][62] The Khmer Rouge carried out the Cambodian genocide, while conflict between them and the unified Vietnam escalated into the Cambodian–Vietnamese War. In response, China invaded Vietnam, with border conflicts lasting until 1991. Within the US, the war gave rise to Vietnam syndrome, a public aversion to American overseas military involvement,[63] which, with the Watergate scandal, contributed to the crisis of confidence that affected America throughout the 1970s.[64] The US destroyed 20% of South Vietnam's jungle and 20–50% of the mangrove forests, by spraying over 20 million U.S. gallons (75 million liters) of toxic herbicides;[65][60]: 144–145 [66] a notable example of ecocide.[67]

  1. ^ "Name of Technical Sergeant Richard B. Fitzgibbon to be added to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial". Department of Defense (DoD). Archived from the original on 20 October 2013.
  2. ^ a b Lawrence, A.T. (2009). Crucible Vietnam: Memoir of an Infantry Lieutenant. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-4517-2.
  3. ^ Olson & Roberts 2008, p. 67.
  4. ^ "Chapter 5, Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954–1960". The Pentagon Papers (Gravel Edition), Volume 1. Boston: Beacon Press. 1971. Section 3, pp. 314–346. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2008 – via International Relations Department, Mount Holyoke College.
  5. ^ The Paris Agreement on Vietnam: Twenty-five Years Later (Conference Transcript). Washington, DC: The Nixon Center. April 1998. Archived from the original on 1 September 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2012 – via International Relations Department, Mount Holyoke College.
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  7. ^ Doyle, Edward; Lipsman, Samuel; Maitland, Terence (1986). The Vietnam Experience The North. Time Life Education. pp. 45–49. ISBN 978-0-939526-21-5.
  8. ^ "China admits 320,000 troops fought in Vietnam". Toledo Blade. Reuters. 16 May 1989. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
  9. ^ Roy, Denny (1998). China's Foreign Relations. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-8476-9013-8.
  10. ^ a b Womack, Brantly (2006). China and Vietnam. Cambridge University Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-521-61834-2.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Tucker, Spencer C (2011). The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-960-3.
  12. ^ "Area Handbook Series Laos". Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  13. ^ O'Ballance, Edgar (1982). Tracks of the bear: Soviet imprints in the seventies. Presidio. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-89141-133-8.
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  19. ^ Doyle, Jeff; Grey, Jeffrey; Pierce, Peter (2002). "Australia's Vietnam War – A Select Chronology of Australian Involvement in the Vietnam War" (PDF). Texas A&M University Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 November 2022.
  20. ^ Blackburn, Robert M. (1994). Mercenaries and Lyndon Johnson's "More Flage": The Hiring of Korean, Filipino, and Thai Soldiers in the Vietnam War. McFarland. ISBN 0-89950-931-2.
  21. ^ Marín, Paloma (9 April 2012). "Spain's secret support for US in Vietnam". El País. Archived from the original on 4 November 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
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  23. ^ a b c d e Lewy, Guenter (1978). America in Vietnam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-987423-1.
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  26. ^ "Chuyên đề 4 CÔNG TÁC TÌM KIẾM, QUY TẬP HÀI CỐT LIỆT SĨ TỪ NAY ĐẾN NĂM 2020 VÀ NHỮNG NĂM TIẾP THEO". Datafile.chinhsachquandoi.gov.vn. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  27. ^ "Công tác tìm kiếm, quy tập hài cốt liệt sĩ từ nay đến năm 2020 và những năn tiếp theo" [The work of searching and collecting the remains of martyrs from now to 2020 and the next] (in Vietnamese). Ministry of Defence, Government of Vietnam. Archived from the original on 17 December 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  28. ^ Joseph Babcock (29 April 2019). "Lost Souls: The Search for Vietnam's 300,000 or More MIAs". Pulitzer Centre. Archived from the original on 10 November 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
  29. ^ a b c d Hastings, Max (2018). Vietnam an epic tragedy, 1945–1975. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-240567-8.
  30. ^ James F. Dunnigan; Albert A. Nofi (2000). Dirty Little Secrets of the Vietnam War: Military Information You're Not Supposed to Know. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-25282-3.
  31. ^ "North Korea fought in Vietnam War". BBC News Online. 31 March 2000. Archived from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  32. ^ Pribbenow, Merle (November 2011). "North Korean Pilots in the Skies over Vietnam" (PDF). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
  33. ^ Thayer, Thomas C. (1985). War Without Fronts: The American Experience in Vietnam. Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-7132-0.
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  35. ^ Clarke, Jeffrey J. (1988). United States Army in Vietnam: Advice and Support: The Final Years, 1965–1973. Center of Military History, United States Army. The Army of the Republic of Vietnam suffered 254,256 recorded combat deaths between 1960 and 1974, with the highest number of recorded deaths being in 1972, with 39,587 combat deaths
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  37. ^ Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund (4 May 2021). "2021 NAME ADDITIONS AND STATUS CHANGES ON THE VIETNAM VETERANS MEMORIAL" (Press release). Archived from the original on 29 April 2023.
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  52. ^ a b c Obermeyer, Ziad; Murray, Christopher J L; Gakidou, Emmanuela (23 April 2008). "Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme". British Medical Journal. 336 (7659): 1482–1486. doi:10.1136/bmj.a137. PMC 2440905. PMID 18566045. From 1955 to 2002, data from the surveys indicated an estimated 5.4 million violent war deaths ... 3.8 million in Vietnam
  53. ^ Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality Crises: The Case of Cambodia, 1970–1979". Forced Migration and Mortality. National Academies Press. pp. 102–104, 120, 124. ISBN 978-0-309-07334-9. As best as can now be estimated, over two million Cambodians died during the 1970s because of the political events of the decade, the vast majority of them during the mere four years of the 'Khmer Rouge' regime. ... Subsequent reevaluations of the demographic data situated the death toll for the [civil war] in the order of 300,000 or less.
  54. ^ Banister, Judith; Johnson, E. Paige (1993). Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia: The Khmer Rouge, the United Nations and the International Community. Yale University Southeast Asia Studies. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-938692-49-2. An estimated 275,000 excess deaths. We have modeled the highest mortality that we can justify for the early 1970s.
  55. ^ Sliwinski, Marek (1995). Le Génocide Khmer Rouge: Une Analyse Démographique [The Khmer Rouge genocide: A demographic analysis]. L'Harmattan. pp. 42–43, 48. ISBN 978-2-7384-3525-5.
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  62. ^ Cite error: The named reference :6 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  63. ^ Kalb, Marvin (22 January 2013). "It's Called the Vietnam Syndrome, and It's Back". Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on 24 December 2022. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
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  66. ^ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  67. ^ Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).


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Thailand in the Vietnam War

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Kittikachorn, took an active role in the Vietnam War. Thailand was the third-largest provider of ground forces to South Vietnam, following the Americans and South...

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Vietnam Veterans Against the War

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Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW) is an American tax-exempt non-profit organization and corporation founded in 1967 to oppose the United States policy...

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List of aircraft losses of the Vietnam War

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During the Vietnam War, thousands of U.S. aircraft were lost to antiaircraft artillery (AAA), surface-to-air missiles (SAMs), and fighter interceptors...

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1973 in the Vietnam War

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the Vietnam War began with a peace agreement, the Paris Peace Accords, signed by the United States and South Vietnam on one side of the Vietnam War and...

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