Irreversible electroporation or IRE is a soft tissue ablation technique using short but strong electrical fields to create permanent and hence lethal nanopores in the cell membrane, to disrupt cellular homeostasis. The resulting cell death results from induced apoptosis or necrosis induced by either membrane disruption or secondary breakdown of the membrane due to transmembrane transfer of electrolytes and adenosine triphosphate.[1][2][3][4] The main use of IRE lies in tumor ablation in regions where precision and conservation of the extracellular matrix, blood flow and nerves are of importance. The first generation of IRE for clinical use, in the form of the NanoKnife System, became commercially available for research purposes in 2009, solely for the surgical ablation of soft tissue tumors.[5] Cancerous tissue ablation via IRE appears to show significant cancer specific immunological responses which are currently being evaluated alone and in combination with cancer immunotherapy.[6][7][8][9]
^Rubinsky B, Onik G, Mikus P (February 2007). "Irreversible electroporation: a new ablation modality--clinical implications". Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment. 6 (1): 37–48. doi:10.1177/153303460700600106. PMID 17241099. S2CID 46010434.
^Ringel-Scaia VM, Beitel-White N, Lorenzo MF, Brock RM, Huie KE, Coutermarsh-Ott S, et al. (June 2019). "High-frequency irreversible electroporation is an effective tumor ablation strategy that induces immunologic cell death and promotes systemic anti-tumor immunity". eBioMedicine. 44: 112–125. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.05.036. PMC 6606957. PMID 31130474.
^Gissel H, Lee RC, Gehl J (2011). "Electroporation and Cellular Physiology". In Kee ST, Gehl J, Lee EW (eds.). Clinical Aspects of Electroporation. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 9–17. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8363-3_2. ISBN 978-1-4419-8362-6.
^Zhang Y, Lyu C, Liu Y, Lv Y, Chang TT, Rubinsky B (June 2018). "Molecular and histological study on the effects of non-thermal irreversible electroporation on the liver". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 500 (3): 665–670. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.132. PMC 5990035. PMID 29678581.
^Clinical trial number NCT02041936 for "Outcomes of Ablation of Unresectable Pancreatic Cancer Using the NanoKnife Irreversible Electroporation (IRE) System" at ClinicalTrials.gov
^Calvet CY, Mir LM (June 2016). "The promising alliance of anti-cancer electrochemotherapy with immunotherapy". Cancer and Metastasis Reviews. 35 (2): 165–77. doi:10.1007/s10555-016-9615-3. PMC 4911376. PMID 26993326.
^Pandit H, Hong YK, Li Y, Rostas J, Pulliam Z, Li SP, Martin RC (March 2019). "Evaluating the Regulatory Immunomodulation Effect of Irreversible Electroporation (IRE) in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma". Annals of Surgical Oncology. 26 (3): 800–806. doi:10.1245/s10434-018-07144-3. PMID 30610562. S2CID 57428676.
^Bulvik BE, Rozenblum N, Gourevich S, Ahmed M, Andriyanov AV, Galun E, Goldberg SN (August 2016). "Irreversible Electroporation versus Radiofrequency Ablation: A Comparison of Local and Systemic Effects in a Small-Animal Model". Radiology. 280 (2): 413–24. doi:10.1148/radiol.2015151166. PMID 27429143.
^Scheffer HJ, Stam AG, Geboers B, Vroomen LG, Ruarus A, de Bruijn B, et al. (2019-11-02). "Irreversible electroporation of locally advanced pancreatic cancer transiently alleviates immune suppression and creates a window for antitumor T cell activation". Oncoimmunology. 8 (11): 1652532. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2019.1652532. PMC 6791414. PMID 31646081.
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