Decellularization (also spelled decellularisation in British English) is the process used in biomedical engineering to isolate the extracellular matrix (ECM) of a tissue from its inhabiting cells, leaving an ECM scaffold of the original tissue, which can be used in artificial organ and tissue regeneration. Organ and tissue transplantation treat a variety of medical problems, ranging from end organ failure to cosmetic surgery. One of the greatest limitations to organ transplantation derives from organ rejection caused by antibodies of the transplant recipient reacting to donor antigens on cell surfaces within the donor organ.[1] Because of unfavorable immune responses, transplant patients suffer a lifetime taking immunosuppressing medication. Stephen F. Badylak pioneered the process of decellularization at the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine at the University of Pittsburgh.[2] This process creates a natural biomaterial to act as a scaffold for cell growth, differentiation and tissue development. By recellularizing an ECM scaffold with a patient’s own cells, the adverse immune response is eliminated. Nowadays, commercially available ECM scaffolds are available for a wide variety of tissue engineering. Using peracetic acid to decellularize ECM scaffolds have been found to be false and only disinfects the tissue.
With a wide variety of decellularization-inducing treatments available, combinations of physical, chemical, and enzymatic treatments are carefully monitored to ensure that the ECM scaffold maintains the structural and chemical integrity of the original tissue.[2] Scientists can use the acquired ECM scaffold to reproduce a functional organ by introducing progenitor cells, or adult stem cells (ASCs), and allowing them to differentiate within the scaffold to develop into the desired tissue. The produced organ or tissue can be transplanted into a patient. In contrast to cell surface antibodies, the biochemical components of the ECM are conserved between hosts, so the risk of a hostile immune response is minimized.[3][4] Proper conservation of ECM fibers, growth factors, and other proteins is imperative to the progenitor cells differentiating into the proper adult cells. The success of decellularization varies based on the components and density of the applied tissue and its origin.[5] The applications to the decellularizing method of producing a biomaterial scaffold for tissue regeneration are present in cardiac, dermal, pulmonary, renal, and other types of tissues. Complete organ reconstruction is still in the early levels of development.[6]
^Colaco M, Atala A (2014). "The Future of Transplant Biology and Surgery". Interdisciplinary Medicine. 15: 206–218.
^ abGilbert TW, Sellaro TL, Badylak SF (July 2006). "Decellularization of tissues and organs". Biomaterials. 27 (19): 3675–3683. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.02.014. PMID 16519932.
^Exposito JY, D'Alessio M, Solursh M, Ramirez F (August 1992). "Sea urchin collagen evolutionarily homologous to vertebrate pro-alpha 2(I) collagen". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 267 (22): 15559–15562. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)49572-0. PMID 1639795.
^Constantinou CD, Jimenez SA (February 1991). "Structure of cDNAs encoding the triple-helical domain of murine alpha 2 (VI) collagen chain and comparison to human and chick homologues. Use of polymerase chain reaction and partially degenerate oligonucleotide for generation of novel cDNA clones". Matrix. 11 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1016/s0934-8832(11)80221-0. PMID 1709252.
^Crapo PM, Gilbert TW, Badylak SF (April 2011). "An overview of tissue and whole organ decellularization processes". Biomaterials. 32 (12): 3233–3243. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.01.057. PMC 3084613. PMID 21296410.
^Song JJ, Ott HC (August 2011). "Organ engineering based on decellularized matrix scaffolds". Trends in Molecular Medicine. 17 (8): 424–432. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2011.03.005. PMID 21514224.
body, decellularization techniques have to be tailored to the specific tissue being exercised on. The researched methods of decellularization include...
been modified via tissue engineering. Several techniques exist for decellularization with the majority based on detergent or enzymatic protocols which...
cellular elements by either physical or chemical decellularization of the tissue. This decellularized valve tissue provides a scaffold with the remaining...
looked towards using decellularized and recellularized cadaveric hearts in order to create a functional organ. Decellularization-recellularization involves...
"Effects of Chondroitinase ABC-Mediated Proteoglycan Digestion on Decellularization and Recellularization of Articular Cartilage". PLOS ONE. 11 (7): e0158976...
from a rat heart (a process called "decellularization") and then injected rat stem cells into the decellularized rat heart. Tissue-engineered blood vessels:...
Kerecis is an Icelandic company that uses fish skins to treat wounds. The decellularized skin of the Atlantic cod is used as a graft, which increases the elasticity...
OFM is manufactured from sheep rumen tissue, using a process of decellularization to selectively remove the unwanted sheep cells and cell components...
It is also versatile and biocompatible. Through a process called "decellularization", it is coated in a surfactant that creates pores. These pores release...
bone, skin, uterus, kidney Biomechatronics Biomedical Engineering Decellularization List of organs of the human body Organoid Organ culture Organ printing...
homografts were most often used for a long time until the introduction of decellularized homografts. If the left sided outflow root needs to be enlarged to fit...
transplants, all organs have normal function and structure. Cloning Decellularization Induced pluripotent stem cell Life extension Rejuvenation (aging)...
from a rat heart (a process called "decellularization") and then injected rat stem cells into the decellularized rat heart. Taylor also is conducting...
cells but leaves the remainder of the other ECM components called decellularization. Another process that can be introduced into the biomaterial is artificial...
scaffold. The two main types of scaffold are natural scaffolds, such as decellularized tissue, or scaffolds made from degradable polymers. The scaffold acts...
in studying the human immune response to xenogeneic and allogeneic decellularized biomaterials, providing valuable insights into the biocompatibility...
using a scaffold. These scaffolds can be an organic structure like decellularized plant or animal tissues, inorganic such as polyacrylamide, or a mix...
of natural and synthetic materials, such as hydrogels, alginate, and decellularized liver scaffolds, to create biomimetic environments conducive to liver...
the first oral, broad-spectrum angiogenesis inhibitor and the first decellularization of an intact liver for transplantation. His own work showed that the...
of periprosthetic joint infection, (2017). Covalent modification of decellularized allogeneic grafts with active pharmaceuticals, (2017). Orthopedic Examination...
ISSN 1550-7416. PMC 2844517. PMID 20143194. Badylak, Stephen F. (July 2014). "Decellularized allogeneic and xenogeneic tissue as a bioscaffold for regenerative medicine:...
range of natural polymers: collagen, plasma clots, fibrin, alginate and decellularized ovarian tissue. The microenvironment of the structure should mimic that...
in a good and in a bad sense. In consequence, the suitability of a decellularized extracellular matrix, newly developed synthetic polymers, biodegradable...
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