The inversion temperature in thermodynamics and cryogenics is the critical temperature below which a non-ideal gas (all gases in reality) that is expanding at constant enthalpy will experience a temperature decrease, and above which will experience a temperature increase. This temperature change is known as the Joule–Thomson effect, and is exploited in the liquefaction of gases. Inversion temperature depends on the nature of the gas.
For a van der Waals gas we can calculate the enthalpy using statistical mechanics as
where is the number of molecules, is volume, is temperature (in the Kelvin scale), is Boltzmann's constant, and and are constants depending on intermolecular forces and molecular volume, respectively.
From this equation, we note that if we keep enthalpy constant and increase volume, temperature must change depending on the sign of . Therefore, our inversion temperature is given where the sign flips at zero, or
,
where is the critical temperature of the substance. So for , an expansion at constant enthalpy increases temperature as the work done by the repulsive interactions of the gas is dominant, and so the change in kinetic energy is positive. But for , expansion causes temperature to decrease because the work of attractive intermolecular forces dominates, giving a negative change in average molecular speed, and therefore kinetic energy.[1]
^Charles Kittel and Herbert Kroemer (1980). Thermal Physics (2nd ed.). W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-1088-9.
and 26 Related for: Inversion temperature information
The inversiontemperature in thermodynamics and cryogenics is the critical temperature below which a non-ideal gas (all gases in reality) that is expanding...
low temperature of 50 °C (122 °F). The optimum pH for acid-catalyzed inversion is 2.15. As the inversiontemperature is increased, the inversion time...
and / or tridymite. These polymorphs also experience temperature-induced inversions. The inversion of cristobalite at 220 °C can be advantageous to achieve...
Look up Inversion or inversion in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Inversion or inversions may refer to: Inversion (artwork), a 2005 temporary sculpture...
condensation occurs as the warm air rises and cools. An inversion occurs when the normal temperature (warm air below, cold air above) profile is reversed...
temperatures below their inversiontemperature gases will cool during Joule expansion, while at higher temperatures they will heat up. The inversion temperature...
Atmospheric temperature is a measure of temperature at different levels of the Earth's atmosphere. It is governed by many factors, including incoming...
Inversion of ammonia is rapid at room temperature, inverting 30 billion times per second. Three factors contribute to the rapidity of the inversion:...
for instance. This most likely happens during an inversion. For instance, during the day the temperature at ground level may be cold while it's warmer up...
equilibrium; rather, at infinite temperature, the populations N2 and N1 become equal. In other words, a population inversion (N2/N1 > 1) can never exist for...
Flammability Flash point Glass transition temperature Heat of vaporization Inversiontemperature Melting point Thermal conductivity Thermal diffusivity Thermal expansion...
causing very cold temperatures while slopes of mountains are much warmer due to the effects of temperatureinversion (temperature increases with altitude)...
of temperature with altitude is a result of the absorption of the Sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation by the ozone layer. The temperatureinversion is in...
from the negative- to the positive-temperature system. A standard example of such a system is population inversion in laser physics. Thermodynamic systems...
water, such as an ocean or large lake, in the presence of a temperatureinversion. The inversion itself is usually initiated by the cooling effect of the...
air is at a minimum temperature and the temperature difference in the inversion layer is at its maximum. The air beneath the inversion base being at its...
at normal ambient temperatures, meaning it heats up when allowed to freely expand. Only below its Joule–Thomson inversiontemperature (of about 32 to 50 K...
change in the molecule. Chiral inversion happens depending on various factors (viz. biological-, solvent-, light-, temperature- induced, etc.) and the energy...
stability of emulsions, on the "water number method" or on the "Phase InversionTemperature" (PIT) method. The results tend to show that the experimental HLB...
unusual arrangement is called a temperatureinversion, since warm air above cold air is the opposite of the normal temperature gradient of the atmosphere during...
idealized ISA, the temperature of the actual atmosphere does not always fall at a uniform rate with height. For example, there can be an inversion layer in which...
or temperature. The water-in-oil emulsion is diluted dropwise with water to an inversion point or gradually cooled to a phase inversiontemperature. The...
and are of low pitch. Inversion thunder results when lightning strikes between cloud and ground occur during a temperatureinversion; the resulting thunder...
pressure, V is specific volume, T is the temperature and A, B, C are parameters. Gas laws Ideal gas Inversiontemperature Iteration Maxwell construction Real...
such, because the tropopause is an inversion layer in which air-temperature increases with altitude, the temperature of the tropopause remains constant...
over parts of Antarctica. In a location where there is a strong temperatureinversion, so that the air is warmer than the surface, it is possible for...
Global Information
