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Interchange lemma information


In the theory of formal languages, the interchange lemma states a necessary condition for a language to be context-free, just like the pumping lemma for context-free languages.

It states that for every context-free language there is a such that for all for any collection of length words there is a with , and decompositions such that each of , , is independent of , moreover, , and the words are in for every and .

The first application of the interchange lemma was to show that the set of repetitive strings (i.e., strings of the form with ) over an alphabet of three or more characters is not context-free.

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Interchange lemma

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formal languages, the interchange lemma states a necessary condition for a language to be context-free, just like the pumping lemma for context-free languages...

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List of lemmas

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lemma Isolation lemma Switching lemma Forking lemma Leftover hash lemma Piling-up lemma (linear cryptanalysis) Yao's XOR lemma Interchange lemma Newman's...

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Nine lemma

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columns may be interchanged in the above as well. The nine lemma can be proved by direct diagram chasing, or by applying the snake lemma (to the two bottom...

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Interchange of limiting operations

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Cafiero convergence theorem Fatou's lemma Monotone convergence theorem for integrals (Beppo Levi's lemma) Interchange of derivative and integral: Leibniz...

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Monotone convergence theorem

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_{k}f_{k}} almost everywhere. The interchange of limits and integrals is then an easy consequence of Fatou's lemma. One has ∫ X f d μ = ∫ X lim inf k...

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Zorns Lemma

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Zorns Lemma is a 1970 American structural experimental film by Hollis Frampton. Originally starting as a series of photographs, the non-narrative film...

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Busemann function

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of Γ[a,b]. The generalisation of Morse's lemma to CAT(-1) spaces is often referred to as the Morse–Mostow lemma and can be proved by a straightforward generalisation...

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Crossing number inequality

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mathematics of graph drawing, the crossing number inequality or crossing lemma gives a lower bound on the minimum number of edge crossings in a plane drawing...

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Line graph

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representative graph, and the θ-obrazom, as well as the edge graph, the interchange graph, the adjoint graph, and the derived graph. Hassler Whitney (1932)...

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Expander code

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{\displaystyle |T|<2(1-\varepsilon )\gamma n\,} has a unique neighbor. Lemma 1 proves the case | T | ≤ γ n {\displaystyle |T|\leq \gamma n\,} , so suppose...

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Method of steepest descent

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. Proof of complex Morse lemma The following proof is a straightforward generalization of the proof of the real Morse Lemma, which can be found in. We...

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Injective module

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homomorphism from a pure submodule can be extended to the whole module. "Lemma 47.7.5 (08Z6)—The Stacks project". stacks.math.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-25...

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Schur complement

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A and D interchanged. By equating the expressions for M−1 obtained in these two different ways, one can establish the matrix inversion lemma, which relates...

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Expected value

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Fatou's lemma: Let { X n ≥ 0 : n ≥ 0 } {\displaystyle \{X_{n}\geq 0:n\geq 0\}} be a sequence of non-negative random variables. Fatou's lemma states that...

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Axiom of choice

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equivalent to the axiom of choice. The most important among them are Zorn's lemma and the well-ordering theorem. In fact, Zermelo initially introduced the...

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Argument map

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can also show co-premises, objections, counterarguments, rebuttals, and lemmas. There are different styles of argument map but they are often functionally...

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Catalan number

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\choose n}\,,} which can be directly interpreted in terms of the cycle lemma; see below. The Catalan numbers satisfy the recurrence relations C 0 = 1...

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Leibniz integral rule

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The following three basic theorems on the interchange of limits are essentially equivalent: the interchange of a derivative and an integral (differentiation...

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Natural transformation

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completely known and easy to describe; this is the content of the Yoneda lemma. Saunders Mac Lane, one of the founders of category theory, is said to have...

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Hodge star operator

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{\frac {\partial }{\partial x_{n}}}\right\}} . In analogy to the Poincare lemma for exterior derivative, one can define its version for codifferential,...

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Differential forms on a Riemann surface

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{\partial }}+{\bar {\partial }}\partial =0.} On a Riemann surface the Poincaré lemma states that every closed 1-form or 2-form is locally exact. Thus if ω is...

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Critical apparatus

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parts: The location of the variant in the text (act, scene, line number) The lemma, which is the portion of the text to which the note applies A right bracket...

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