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In the theory of formal languages, the interchange lemma states a necessary condition for a language to be context-free, just like the pumping lemma for context-free languages.
It states that for every context-free language there is a such that for all for any collection of length words there is a with , and decompositions such that each of , , is independent of , moreover, , and the words are in for every and .
The first application of the interchange lemma was to show that the set of repetitive strings (i.e., strings of the form with ) over an alphabet of three or more characters is not context-free.
formal languages, the interchangelemma states a necessary condition for a language to be context-free, just like the pumping lemma for context-free languages...
columns may be interchanged in the above as well. The nine lemma can be proved by direct diagram chasing, or by applying the snake lemma (to the two bottom...
_{k}f_{k}} almost everywhere. The interchange of limits and integrals is then an easy consequence of Fatou's lemma. One has ∫ X f d μ = ∫ X lim inf k...
Zorns Lemma is a 1970 American structural experimental film by Hollis Frampton. Originally starting as a series of photographs, the non-narrative film...
of Γ[a,b]. The generalisation of Morse's lemma to CAT(-1) spaces is often referred to as the Morse–Mostow lemma and can be proved by a straightforward generalisation...
mathematics of graph drawing, the crossing number inequality or crossing lemma gives a lower bound on the minimum number of edge crossings in a plane drawing...
representative graph, and the θ-obrazom, as well as the edge graph, the interchange graph, the adjoint graph, and the derived graph. Hassler Whitney (1932)...
{\displaystyle |T|<2(1-\varepsilon )\gamma n\,} has a unique neighbor. Lemma 1 proves the case | T | ≤ γ n {\displaystyle |T|\leq \gamma n\,} , so suppose...
. Proof of complex Morse lemma The following proof is a straightforward generalization of the proof of the real Morse Lemma, which can be found in. We...
homomorphism from a pure submodule can be extended to the whole module. "Lemma 47.7.5 (08Z6)—The Stacks project". stacks.math.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-25...
A and D interchanged. By equating the expressions for M−1 obtained in these two different ways, one can establish the matrix inversion lemma, which relates...
Fatou's lemma: Let { X n ≥ 0 : n ≥ 0 } {\displaystyle \{X_{n}\geq 0:n\geq 0\}} be a sequence of non-negative random variables. Fatou's lemma states that...
equivalent to the axiom of choice. The most important among them are Zorn's lemma and the well-ordering theorem. In fact, Zermelo initially introduced the...
can also show co-premises, objections, counterarguments, rebuttals, and lemmas. There are different styles of argument map but they are often functionally...
\choose n}\,,} which can be directly interpreted in terms of the cycle lemma; see below. The Catalan numbers satisfy the recurrence relations C 0 = 1...
The following three basic theorems on the interchange of limits are essentially equivalent: the interchange of a derivative and an integral (differentiation...
completely known and easy to describe; this is the content of the Yoneda lemma. Saunders Mac Lane, one of the founders of category theory, is said to have...
{\frac {\partial }{\partial x_{n}}}\right\}} . In analogy to the Poincare lemma for exterior derivative, one can define its version for codifferential,...
{\partial }}+{\bar {\partial }}\partial =0.} On a Riemann surface the Poincaré lemma states that every closed 1-form or 2-form is locally exact. Thus if ω is...
parts: The location of the variant in the text (act, scene, line number) The lemma, which is the portion of the text to which the note applies A right bracket...