Horizontal or lateral gene transfer (HGT or LGT) is the transmission of portions of genomic DNA between organisms through a process decoupled from vertical inheritance. In the presence of HGT events, different fragments of the genome are the result of different evolutionary histories. This can therefore complicate investigations of the evolutionary relatedness of lineages and species. Also, as HGT can bring into genomes radically different genotypes from distant lineages, or even new genes bearing new functions, it is a major source of phenotypic innovation and a mechanism of niche adaptation. For example, of particular relevance to human health is the lateral transfer of antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity determinants, leading to the emergence of pathogenic lineages.[1]
Inferring horizontal gene transfer through computational identification of HGT events relies upon the investigation of sequence composition or evolutionary history of genes. Sequence composition-based ("parametric") methods search for deviations from the genomic average whereas evolutionary history-based ("phylogenetic") approaches identify genes whose evolutionary history significantly differs from that of the host species. The evaluation and benchmarking of HGT inference methods typically rely upon simulated genomes, for which the true history is known. On real data, different methods tend to infer different HGT events, and as a result it can be difficult to ascertain all but simple and clear-cut HGT events.
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Horizontalgenetransfer (HGT) or lateral genetransfer (LGT) is the movement of genetic material between organisms other than by the ("vertical") transmission...
Horizontalgenetransfer (HGT) refers to the transfer of genes between distant branches on the tree of life. In evolution, it can scramble the information...
DNA. Gene cassettes can move around within an organism's genome or be transferred to another organism in the environment via horizontalgenetransfer. These...
genetics, gene flow (also known as migration and allele flow) is the transfer of genetic material from one population to another. If the rate of gene flow...
and excluded using a number of phylogenetic methods (see Inferringhorizontalgenetransfer § Explicit phylogenetic methods). In addition, molecular phylogenies...
the exchange of pollen. Genetransfer between species includes the formation of hybrid organisms and horizontalgenetransfer. Population genetic models...
(paralogs), or else a horizontal (or lateral) genetransfer event (xenologs). Homology among DNA, RNA, or proteins is typically inferred from their nucleotide...
near-universal gene distribution (as in Weiss et al. 2016). On the one hand, it risks misattributing convergence or horizontalgenetransfer events to vertical...
absence of genetransfer or gene duplication. Insertions caused by horizontal or lateral genetransfer and gene duplication tend to involve transfer of large...
extensive divergence such that a gene is considered part of a new family, or by horizontalgenetransfer. When the number of genes per genome remains relatively...
another level, one can map the horizontalgenetransfer processes, by determining the phylogeny of the individual genes using cladistics. If there is unclarity...
genes. Thus, 16S rRNA genes may have evolved through multiple mechanisms, including vertical inheritance and horizontalgenetransfer; the frequency of the...
commensalist or parasitic. It has also been used for example to detect horizontalgenetransfer, or understand the dynamics of genome evolution. Phylogenetic reconciliation...
needed in inferring phylogenetic relationships among species. This is most true of genetic material that is subject to lateral genetransfer and recombination...
mechanisms such as gene duplication (including retroposition) or horizontalgenetransfer followed by sequence divergence, or by gene fission/fusion. Although...
organisms can inherit genes in two ways: vertical genetransfer and horizontalgenetransfer. Vertical genetransfer is the passage of genes from parent to offspring...
(2009). "The transferome of metabolic genes explored: analysis of the horizontaltransfer of enzyme encoding genes in unicellular eukaryotes". Genome Biology...
the study of more complex evolutionary events, such as gene duplication, horizontalgenetransfer, and the prediction of factors important in bacterial...
Lawrence JG, Roth JR (August 1996). "Selfish operons: horizontaltransfer may drive the evolution of gene clusters". Genetics. 143 (4): 1843–60. doi:10.1093/genetics/143...
the discovery of genes in Euglenophyceae that came from different types of algae through a process called horizontalgenetransfer. After the divergence...
substantial horizontalgenetransfer during early evolution has led to questions about the monophyly (single ancestry) of life. 6,331 groups of genes common...
reticulation event such as hybridization, introgression, horizontal (lateral) genetransfer or recombination. Nodes that represent a reticulation event...
mutation, gene duplication, and horizontalgenetransfer; in particular, 18% of the genome of the laboratory strain MG1655 was horizontally acquired since...
this incomplete lineage sorting. However, gene flow between lineages by hybridization or horizontalgenetransfer may produce the same conflicting phylogenetic...
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