Therapeutic cancer vaccines personalized to a specific individual
Individualized cancer immunotherapy, also referred to as individualized immuno-oncology, is a novel concept for therapeutic cancer vaccines that are truly personalized to a single individual.
The human immune system is generally able to recognize and fight cancer cells. However, this ability is usually insufficient and the cancer continues to spread.[1] Cancer immunotherapy is based on harnessing and potentiating the ability of the immune system to fight cancer.
Each tumor has its own individual genetic fingerprint, the mutanome, that includes numerous genetic alterations. As opposed to a preformed drug, individualized cancer vaccination is a therapy that targets specific cancer mutations of the individual patient's tumor.[2] The production of vaccines tailored to match a person's individual constellation of cancer mutations has become a new field of research.[3]
The concept of individualized cancer immunotherapy aims to identify individual mutations in the tumor of a patient, that are crucial for the proliferation, survival or metastasis of tumor cells.[2] For this purpose, the individual genetic blueprint of the tumor is decrypted by sequencing and, using this blueprint as a template, a synthetic vaccine tailored to the tumor of the individual patient is prepared. This vaccine is designed to control and train the body's immune system to fight the cancer.[4]
^Tran, E; Ahmadzadeh, M; Lu, YC; Gros, A; Turcotte, S; Robbins PF, PF; Gartner, JJ; Zheng, Z; Li, YF; Ray, S; Wunderlich, JR; Somerville, RP; Rosenberg, SA (2015). "Immunogenicity of somatic mutations in human gastrointestinal cancers". Science. 350 (6266): 1387–1390. Bibcode:2015Sci...350.1387T. doi:10.1126/science.aad1253. PMC 7445892. PMID 26516200.
^ abSahin, U; Türeci, Ö (2018). "Personalized vaccines for cancer immunotherapy". Science. 359 (6382): 1355–1360. Bibcode:2018Sci...359.1355S. doi:10.1126/science.aar7112. PMID 29567706.
^Türeci, Ö; Vormehr, M; Diken, M; Kreiter, S; Huber, C; Sahin, U (2016). "Targeting the Heterogeneity of Cancer with Individualized Neoepitope Vaccine". Clin Cancer Res. 22 (8): 1885–1896. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-1509. PMID 27084742.
^Türeci, Ö; Löwer, M; Schrörs, B; Lang, M; Tadmor, A; Sahin, U (2018). "Challenges towards the realization of individualized cancer vaccines". Nat Biomed Eng. 2 (8): 566–569. doi:10.1038/s41551-018-0266-2. PMID 31015635. S2CID 51881364.
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