Indigenous responses for survival and resistance during the age of colonialism
Indigenous response to colonialism has varied depending on the Indigenous group, historical period, territory, and colonial state(s) they have interacted with. Indigenous peoples have had agency in their response to colonialism. They have employed armed resistance, diplomacy, and legal procedures. Others have fled to inhospitable, undesirable or remote territories to avoid conflict. Nevertheless, some Indigenous peoples were forced to move to reservations or reductions, and work in mines, plantations, construction, and domestic tasks. They have detribalized and culturally assimilated into colonial societies. On occasion, Indigenous peoples have formed alliances with one or more Indigenous or non-Indigenous nations. Overall, the response of Indigenous peoples to colonialism during this period has been diverse and varied in its effectiveness.[5] Indigenous resistance has a centuries-long history that is complex and carries on into contemporary times.[6]
The Kiowa, Comanche, Plains Apache, Cheyenne and Arapaho signed three successive treaties with the United States government, 1867.
^Hidalgo, Dennis (2007). "Anticolonialism". In Benjamin, Thomas (ed.). Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism since 1450 (Gale Virtual Reference Library ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 57–65. Retrieved May 22, 2015. For a comprehensive list of Non-european rebellions, revolts and resistance movements, see pages 62–63.
^Ortega-Villaseñor, Humberto (2022). "Indigenous Peoples, Memory and Envisioning the Future: A Brief Multidimensional Study". Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies. 9 (1): 39–55. doi:10.29333/ejecs/963. ISSN 2149-1291. JSTOR 48710288. S2CID 247459364.
^Fenelon, James V.; Hall, Thomas D. (2008). "Revitalization and Indigenous Resistance to Globalization and Neoliberalism". American Behavioral Scientist. 51 (12): 1867–1901. doi:10.1177/0002764208318938. ISSN 0002-7642. S2CID 144846172.
^Coates 2004, p. 106-9, 118-9, 201.
^[1][2][3][4]
^Ostler, Jeffrey (2015), "Genocide and American Indian History", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.3, ISBN 978-0-19-932917-5, retrieved 2023-11-25
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