Memorial in Berlin-Neukölln to the Victims of the Herero and Namaqua genocide perpetrated by the German Empire against the Herero and Nama peoples of NamibiaTibetan people in protest against their treatment by China
The connection between colonialism and genocide has been explored in academic research.[1] According to historian Patrick Wolfe, "[t]he question of genocide is never far from discussions of settler colonialism."[2] Historians have commented that although colonialism does not necessarily directly involve genocide, research suggests that the two share a connection.[3]
Colonialism has been reinforced during various periods in history, even during progressive eras such as the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment, a period in the history of 17th and 18th Century Europe which was marked by dedication to progressive reform, natural social hierarchies were reinforced, Europeans who were educated, white, and native-born were considered high-class and less-educated, non-European people were considered low-class. These natural hierarchies were reinforced by progressives such as Marquis de Condorcet, a French mathematician, who believed that slaves were savages due to their lack of modern practices, despite the fact that he advocated the abolition of slavery. [4] First, the colonization process usually works to attack the homes of those who are being targeted. Typically, the people who are subjected to colonizing practices are portrayed as lacking modernity, because they and the colonialists do not have the same level of education or technology.[4]
The term genocide was coined in the 20th century by Raphael Lemkin to describe the Armenian genocide, although genocides have been committed since ancient times. Years later, the term was unanimously accepted by the United Nations and it was defined as an internationally illegal practice as a part of Resolution 96 in 1946. Various definitions of genocide exist. However, the Convention of Genocide has defined genocide as “acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group.” It is important to note that all definitions of genocide involve ethnicity, race, or religion as a motivational factor.[4] Genocide scholar Israel Charny has proposed a definition of genocide in the course of colonization.[5]
The example of Tasmania is cited, where white settlers wiped out indigenous Tasmanians, an event which is genocide by definition as well as an event which is a result of settler colonialism.[6] Additionally, instances of colonialism and genocide in California and Hispaniola are cited below. The instance in California references the colonization and genocide of indigenous tribes by euro-Americans during the gold rush period.[7] The example in Hispaniola discusses the island's colonization by Columbus and other Spaniards and the genocide inflicted on the native Taino people.[8]
^Kühne 2013; Moses & Stone 2013; Benvenuto, Hinton & Woolford 2014; Benvenuto & Woolford 2015; Docker 2015; Short 2016; Crook, Short & South 2018; Weber & Weber 2020.
^Wolfe 2006.
^Pappe, Ilan (2017-05-02). Ten Myths About Israel. Verso Books. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-78663-019-3. As a result of these twin logics, whole nations and civilizations were wiped out by the settler colonialist movement in the Americas. Native Americans, south and north, were massacred, converted by force to Christianity, and finally confined to reservations. A similar fate awaited the aboriginals in Australia and to a lesser extent the Maoris in New Zealand. In South Africa, such processes ended with the imposition of the apartheid system upon the local people, while a more complex system was imposed on the Algerians for about a century.
^ abcMelber, Henning (2017-10-03). "Explorations into modernity, colonialism and genocide: Revisiting the past in the present". Acta Academica: Critical Views on Society, Culture and Politics. 49 (1): 39–52. doi:10.18820/24150479/aa49i1.3. hdl:2263/63265. ISSN 2415-0479.
^Charny, Israel W. (1994). "Toward a generic definition of genocide". In Andropoulos, George J. (ed.). Genocide : conceptual and historical dimensions. Internet Archive. Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-8122-3249-3. Genocide in the Course of Colonization or Consolidation of Power: Genocide that is undertaken or even allowed in the course of or incidental to the purposes of achieving a goal of colonization or development of a territory belonging to an indigenous people, or any other consolidation of political or economic power through mass killing of those perceived to be standing in the way.
^Moses & Stone 2013, pp. 71–78.
^Lindsay, Brendan C. (January 2014). "Humor and Dissonance in California's Native American Genocide". American Behavioral Scientist. 58 (1): 97–123. doi:10.1177/0002764213495034. ISSN 0002-7642. S2CID 144420635.
connection between colonialismandgenocide has been explored in academic research. According to historian Patrick Wolfe, "[t]he question of genocide is never far...
process of colonialism. According to certain genocide experts, including Raphael Lemkin – the individual who coined the modern concept of genocide – colonization...
Despite this, Native American resistance to colonialismandgenocide has persisted both in the past and the present. Population estimates for the pre-Columbian...
not a genocidal campaign." Patrick Wolfe, in a 2006 article analyzing the relationship and differences between settler colonialismandgenocide, discussed...
of settler colonialismand internal colonialism from the perspective of Indigenous peoples. In 1948, the Genocide Convention defined genocide as any of...
genocidal, considering settler colonialism to entail the elimination of existing peoples and cultures, and not only their displacement (see genocide,...
The Herero and Nama genocide (formerly, also 'Herero and Namaqua genocide') was a campaign of ethnic extermination and collective punishment which was...
of responsibility for and complicity in Tamil genocideand point to state-sponsored settler colonialism, state-backed pogroms, and mass killings, enforced...
Indigenous response to colonialism has varied depending on the Indigenous group, historical period, territory, and colonial state(s) they have interacted...
acts of genocide. Armenian genocideand the Holocaust Autogenocide Classicide Colonialismandgenocide Command responsibility Cultural genocide Culture...
Western European colonialismand colonization is the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over other societies and territories...
Israel has been accused of genocide against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip during the Israel–Hamas war. Various scholars, and the United Nations Special...
The Libyan genocide, also known in Libya as Shar (Arabic: شر, lit. 'Evil'),: 98 was the genocide of Libyan Arabs and the systematic destruction of Libyan...
possibly towards a genocide of native populations. Colonialismand its definition may vary depending on the use of the term and the context, with colonies...
Zionism has been described as a form of settler colonialism in relation to the region of Palestine and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Many of the fathers...
between colonialismandgenocide. In the spring of 2022, Gilley responded to many of his critics in a second article entitled "The Case for Colonialism: A...
have labeled China's actions variously as genocide, cultural genocide, ethnocide, settler colonialism, and/or crimes against humanity. In 2008, Michael...
of history and author of several books on both coloured identity and politics in South Africa as well as on settler colonialismandgenocide. He is a professor...
Dan (2013). ColonialismandGenocide. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-99753-5. Orizio, Riccardo (2001). Lost White Tribes: The End of Privilege and the Last Colonials...
(2013). ColonialismandGenocide. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. pp. 42–65. ISBN 978-1-317-99753-5. Jones, Adam (2000). "Gendercide andGenocide". Journal...
capitalism in Africa. For him Neo-colonialism, insidious and complex, is even more dangerous than the old colonialismand shows how meaningless political...
historians of colonialismandgenocide, such as Ben Kiernan, Colin Tatz, and Benjamin Madley, consider that the Tasmanian decimation qualifies as genocide by the...
May 2021). "Raphaël Lemkin, Genocide, Colonialism, Famine, and Ukraine". Empire, Colonialism, and Famine in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. 8: 193–215...
Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of an ethnic, racial, religious, or national group. The term was coined in...
Genocide is the intentional destruction of a people in whole or in part. In 1948, the United Nations Genocide Convention defined genocide as any of five...
The Rwandan genocide, also known as the genocide against the Tutsi, occurred between 7 April and 19 July 1994 during the Rwandan Civil War. During this...
consequences of colonialismandgenocide to the oppression suffered by African Americans. In the early 2000s he began recording with friends and family, eventually...
The Darfur genocide is the systematic killing of ethnic Darfuri people which has occurred during the War in Darfur and the ongoing War in Sudan (2023–present)...
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