Independence of irrelevant alternatives information
Axiom of decision theory and social sciences
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations.(April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions.(April 2024)
This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article.(April 2024)
(Learn how and when to remove this message)
For the same principle in social choice, see Spoiler effect.
Part of a series on
Economics
History
Outline
Index
Branches and classifications
Applied
Econometrics
Heterodox
International
Micro / Macro
Mainstream
Mathematical
Methodology
Political
JEL classification codes
Concepts, theory and techniques
Economic systems
Economic growth
Market
National accounting
Experimental economics
Computational economics
Game theory
Operations research
Middle income trap
Industrial complex
By application
Agricultural
Behavioral
Business
Cultural
Demographic
Development
Digitization
Ecological
Education
Engineering
Environmental
Evolutionary
Expeditionary
Feminist
Financial
Geographical
Happiness
Health
Historical
Humanistic
Industrial organization
Information
Institutional
Knowledge
Labour
Law
Managerial
Monetary
Natural resource
Organizational
Participation
Personnel
Planning
Policy
Public
Public choice / Social choice theory
Regional
Rural
Service
Socio
Sociological
Solidarity
Statistics
Urban
Welfare
Notable economists
de Mandeville
Quesnay
Smith
Malthus
Say
Ricardo
von Thünen
List
Bastiat
Cournot
Mill
Gossen
Marx
Walras
Jevons
George
Menger
Marshall
Edgeworth
Clark
Pareto
von Böhm-Bawerk
von Wieser
Veblen
Fisher
Pigou
Heckscher
von Mises
Schumpeter
Keynes
Knight
Polanyi
Frisch
Sraffa
Myrdal
Hayek
Kalecki
Röpke
Kuznets
Tinbergen
Robinson
von Neumann
Hicks
Lange
Leontief
Galbraith
Koopmans
Schumacher
Friedman
Samuelson
Simon
Buchanan
Arrow
Baumol
Solow
Rothbard
Greenspan
Sowell
Becker
Ostrom
Sen
Lucas
Stiglitz
Thaler
Hoppe
Krugman
Piketty
more
Lists
Glossary
Economists
Publications (journals)
Schools
Business portal
Money portal
v
t
e
Independence of irrelevant alternatives (IIA), also known as binary independence, the independence axiom, is an axiom of decision theory and economics describing a necessary condition for rational behavior. The axiom says that a choice between and should not depend on the quality of a third, unrelated outcome .
The axiom is deeply connected to several of the most important results in social choice, welfare economics, ethics, and decision theory. Among these results are Arrow's impossibility theorem, the VNM utility theorem, Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem, and the Dutch book theorems.
Violations of IIA are called menu effects or menu dependence.
and 24 Related for: Independence of irrelevant alternatives information
system that is not affected by spoilers satisfies independenceofirrelevantalternatives or independenceof spoilers. By Arrow's theorem, all ranked-choice...
Smith-dominated alternatives, meaning it is likely to roughly satisfy IIA "in practice." Ranked pairs fails independenceofirrelevantalternatives, like all...
nomination consists of manipulating a feature of voting systems which lies in their lacking the property of ‘independenceofirrelevantalternatives’. Arrow's impossibility...
problem that satisfies the axioms of scale invariance, symmetry, efficiency, and independenceofirrelevantalternatives. According to Walker, Nash's bargaining...
criteria of a deterministic voting method, with non-imposition, non-dictatorship, monotonicity, and independenceofirrelevantalternatives, it may appear...
of electoral systems Electoral systems Vote splitting Independenceofirrelevantalternatives Strategic voting Collective Decisions and Voting: The Potential...
efficiency, and independence of irrelevantalternatives. Similarly, by Gibbard's theorem, when there are at least three alternatives, dictatorship is the only...
Arrow's impossibility theorem, and so can satisfy both independenceofirrelevantalternatives and Pareto efficiency. However, critics note that highest...
can cause voting mechanisms to violate the axiom ofindependenceofirrelevantalternatives—the choice of winner by a voting mechanism could be influenced...
fails: Independenceofirrelevantalternatives The Schulze method also fails Peyton Young's criterion of Local IndependenceofIrrelevantAlternatives. The...
and thus is incompatible with independenceofirrelevantalternatives (though it implies a weaker analogous form of the criterion: when there is a Condorcet...
more votes than before. Local independenceofirrelevantalternatives (LIIA) Does the outcome never change if the alternative that would finish last is removed...
The combination of these two methods creates a highly-resistant system. Alternative Smith fails independenceofirrelevantalternatives, meaning it can...
option. The decoy effect is also an example of the violation of the independenceofirrelevantalternatives axiom of decision theory. More simply, when deciding...
unrestricted domain, Pareto efficiency, independenceofirrelevantalternatives, and non-dictatorship. However, the conditions of the theorem can be satisfied if...
Minimax fails independenceofirrelevantalternatives, independenceof clones, local independenceofirrelevantalternatives, and independenceof Smith-dominated...
characterized by Arrow's independenceofirrelevantalternatives and Pareto efficiency. Maximal lotteries do not satisfy the standard notion of strategyproofness...
regressions reveals why the model relies on the assumption ofindependenceofirrelevantalternatives described above. The unknown parameters in each vector...
clone of that candidate would have won. However, since range voting and majority judgment satisfy the Independenceofirrelevantalternatives criterion...
Global Information
