Imperial decree of declaration of war against foreign powers information
Qing dynasty edict against Western imperialism in China
Imperial decree of declaration of war against foreign powers
Traditional Chinese
宣戰詔書
Simplified Chinese
宣战诏书
Literal meaning
Edict declaring war
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Xuānzhàn zhàoshū
Wade–Giles
Hsüan-chan Chao-shu
The Imperial Decree of declaration of war against foreign powers (Chinese: 宣戰詔書) was a simultaneous declaration of war by the Qing dynasty in 1900 against eleven foreign powers which held varying degrees of influence in China: Russia, the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The declaration of war was one of the direct causes of the Boxer Rebellion and the Eight-Nation Alliance's formation, which then led to Boxer Protocol. This Imperial decree was officially issued in the name of Guangxu Emperor, bearing his official Imperial seal. The Emperor of China was in effect under house arrest, ordered by Empress Dowager Cixi at that time, and the full administrative power was in the hand of the Empress Dowager.[1][2]
^"1900年6月21日 清廷向列强宣战_中国网". china.com.cn. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
^"百年中国（1）——义和团". Hnhyedu.net. 23 April 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
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