This article is about the historical period. For modern proposals of uniting Iberia, see Iberian federalism.
Iberian Union
Monarchia Hispaniae
1580–1640
Royal banner
Coat of arms
Map of the Spanish–Portuguese Empire in 1598.
Territories administered by the Council of Castile
Territories administered by the Council of Aragon
Territories administered by the Council of Portugal
Territories administered by the Council of Italy
Territories administered by the Council of the Indies
Territories appointed to the Council of Flanders
Common languages
Spanish and Portuguese
Religion
Roman Catholic
Government
Composite monarchy under personal union
King
• 1580–1598
Philip II and I
• 1598–1621
Philip III and II
• 1621–1640
Philip IV and III
Legislature
Cortes of Castile Courts of Aragon Courts of Catalonia Courts of Valencia Cortes of Navarre Cortes of Portugal
History
• War of the Portuguese Succession
25 August 1580
• Portuguese Restoration War
1 December 1640
Currency
Spanish real and Portuguese real
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Kingdom of Portugal
Crown of Castile
Crown of Aragon
Habsburg Spain
Kingdom of Portugal
Crown of Castile
Crown of Aragon
Catalan Republic
Habsburg Spain
The Iberian Union is a historiographical term used to describe the dynastic union of the Monarchy of Spain, which in turn was itself a dynastic union of the crowns of Castile and Aragon, and the Kingdom of Portugal, and of their respective colonial empires, that existed between 1580 and 1640 and brought the entire Iberian Peninsula except Andorra, as well as Portuguese and Spanish overseas possessions, under the Spanish Habsburg monarchs Philip II, Philip III, and Philip IV. The union began after the Portuguese crisis of succession and the ensuing War of the Portuguese Succession,[1][2] and lasted until the Portuguese Restoration War, during which the House of Braganza was established as Portugal's new ruling dynasty with the acclamation of John IV as the new King of Portugal.[3]
As a personal union, the Kingdom of Portugal, the Crown of Castile and the states of the Crown of Aragon remained independent states, sharing only a single monarch. The kings from the Spanish branch of the House of Habsburg were the only element that connected the multiple kingdoms and territories, ruled by the six separate government councils of Castile, Aragon, Portugal, Italy, Flanders-Burgundy, and the Indies. For periods, Portugal maintained a viceroy, appointed by the King, although the turnover was often rapid; in the 60 years of the Union, the country had 13 viceroys and four regency councils (see List of viceroys of Portugal). Similar viceroys were appointed in Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia and other kingdoms of the Union. The governments, institutions, and legal traditions of each kingdom remained independent of one another.[4] Alien laws (Leyes de extranjería) determined that a national of one kingdom was a foreigner in all other kingdoms.[5][6]
The union led to Portugal's involvement in the Dutch revolt against Spain. The Dutch Republic in turn saw the union as a justification to start targeting Portuguese colonies.
^António Henrique R. de Oliveira Marques, History of Portugal. 1972, p. 322. Boris Fausto, A Concise History of Brazil, p. 40.
^"Indicaciones sobre la investigacion "Ciudadanía, identidades complejas y cultura política en los manuales escolares españoles". Centro de Investigación MANES" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2012-08-09. there is consensus among professional historians that the most adequate term is Hispanic monarchy
^Torgal, Luís Reis (1981). "A Restauração – Sua Dinâmica Sócio-política". Ideologia Política e Teoria do Estado na Restauração (in Portuguese). Vol. I. Coimbra: Biblioteca Geral da Universidade de Coimbra. pp. 69–85. hdl:10316/665. ISBN 9789726160823.
^The "Spanish Century"[unreliable source?]
^Valdés, Manuel Alvarez-Valdés y (1991). La extranjería en la historia del derecho español (in Spanish). Universidad de Oviedo. ISBN 9788474687378.
^La Condición Jurídica de "Español" Como Producto del Derecho Indiano
The IberianUnion is a historiographical term used to describe the dynastic union of the Monarchy of Spain, which in turn was itself a dynastic union of...
Look up Iberian in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Iberian refers to Iberia. Most commonly Iberian refers to: Someone or something originating in the...
the IberianUnion period (1580–1640), Spain tried to prevent Portuguese expansion into Brazil with the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas. After the Iberian Union...
other lands outside the Iberian Peninsula, like in the Americas. Habsburg Spain was a composite monarchy and a personal union. The Habsburg Spanish monarchs...
The Iberian Peninsula (/aɪˈbɪəriən/), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in South-western Europe, defining the westernmost edge of Eurasia. It is divided...
in 1580, there began a 60-year union between Spain and Portugal known to subsequent historiography as the IberianUnion, although the realms continued...
Dynastic union between Spain (the union between the Crowns of Castile and Aragon) and Portugal (1580–1640), generally called the IberianUnion by modern...
overseas empires in what is historically referred to as the IberianUnion. During the IberianUnion, 1580 to 1640, Ceuta attracted many settlers of Spanish...
second raid failed – the Islands Voyage. Spain held the Azores under the IberianUnion from 1580 to 1642 (called the "Babylonian captivity" in the Azores)...
Portuguese administration in hands in 1580, in what was called the IberianUnion which lasted 60 years. Later, in 1640 John IV of Portugal, Duke of Braganza...
the crowns of the two Iberian kingdoms, known as the IberianUnion, lasted until 1640 when the Portuguese revolted. During the union the institutions of...
Portugal was inhabited by Homo heidelbergensis. The Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, which lasted almost two centuries, led to the establishment...
the Grœnlendinga saga and the saga of Erik the Red). The peoples of the Iberian peninsula, who were closest to the real Atlantic islands, and whose seafarers...
to 1478. IberianUnion with Spain from 1580 to 1640, under Philip II (also known as Philip I of Portugal), his son and grandson. Personal union with Brazil...
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country located on the Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the...
The Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) is one of the four extant species within the medium-sized wild cat genus Lynx. It is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula...
exotic commodities. But as a result of Portugal's incorporation in the IberianUnion with Spain by Philip II in 1580, all Portuguese territories were thereafter...
[fɨˈlipɨ]), who ruled Portugal between 1581 and 1640 under the IberianUnion, a dynastic union of the crowns of Spain and Portugal. The dynasty's kings were...
has been characterized by western scholars as a territory on a lease; a union community with Portugal enshrined in and by the Chief of State; a condominium;...
so-called IberianUnion, considered by some historians as a Spanish conquest. Philip respected a certain degree of autonomy in its Iberian territories...
finally received its present-day coat of arms on 19 December 1981. IberianUnion flag proposal in 1854 Flag with Osborne bull Spanish flag with the Sacred...
as pan-Iberism or Iberian federalism, is the pan-nationalist ideology supporting a unification of all the territories of the Iberian Peninsula. It mostly...
Navarre occurred in 1512. There was also a period called IberianUnion, the dynastic union of the Kingdom of Portugal and the Spanish Crown; during which...
Catalonia, Navarre, Portugal during the brief period known as the IberianUnion, Sardinia, Sicily, and Naples. With the ascension of the House of Bourbon...