Majority reside in: Oman Minority reside in: Algeria (Mzab) Libya (Nafusa) Tunisia (Djerba) Tanzania (Zanzibar)
Founder
Abdallah ibn Ibad
Origin
c. 692 AD Basra, Umayyad Caliphate
Members
c. 2.72 million[1] – 7 million[2]
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Beliefs and practices
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History
Early
First Fitna
Battle of Siffin
Battle of Nahrawan
Dynasties
Rustamids
Nabhanids
Ya'rubids
Zanzibar
Oman
Ibadi Hadith Canon
Jami Sahih
Tartib al-Musnad
Notable individuals
Abd al-Rahman ibn Muljam
Nafi ibn al-Azraq
Najda ibn Amir al-Hanafi
Abu Bilal Mirdas
Abu Qurra
Abdullah ibn Ibadh
Jabir ibn Zayd
Abu Yazid
Abd Allah ibn Yazid al-Fazari
Branches and sects
Khawarij
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Azariqah
Bayhasiyyah
Najdat
Sūfrīyyah
Ibadiyyah
Wahbiyyah
Nukkari
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The Ibadi movement or Ibadism (Arabic: الإباضية, romanized: al-ʾIbāḍiyya, Arabic pronunciation:[alʔibaːˈdˤijja]) is a branch of Islam.[3] It has been called by some the third branch of Islam, along with Sunni Islam and Shia Islam. The followers of Ibadism are known as the Ibadis.
Ibadism emerged around 60 years after the Islamic prophet Muhammad's death in 632 AD[4] as a moderate school of the Khawarij movement,[5][6][7][page needed]
although contemporary Ibāḍīs strongly object to being classified as Kharijites.[8] Ibadis view themselves as being the oldest and most genuine sect of Islam.
Ibadism is currently the second largest Muslim denomination in Oman with over a third of its population being adherents, but is also practised to a lesser extent in Algeria (Mzab), Tunisia (Djerba), Libya (Nafusa), and Tanzania (Zanzibar). Throughout Islamic history, particularly under the Umayyads and the Almoravids, and continuing to the modern era, Ibadis have faced religious persecution in the Muslim world.[9][10][11][12]
^Robert Brenton Betts (2013-07-31). The Sunni-Shi'a Divide: Islam's Internal Divisions and Their Global Consequences. Potomac Books. pp. 14–15. ISBN 9781612345222. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
^"7 ملايين أباضي .. ما هو أسلوبهم في الدين والحياة والزواج؟". العربية (in Arabic). 2005-06-02. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
^Vallely, Paul (19 February 2014). "Schism between Sunni and Shia has been poisoning Islam for 1,400 years – and it's getting worse". The Independent.
^Library, International and Area Studies. "LibGuides: Ibadi Islam: History". guides.library.illinois.edu. Retrieved 2021-08-03.
^John L. Esposito, ed. (2014). "Ibadis". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on August 20, 2017. Ibadis [:] subsect of Khariji Islam founded in the eighth century. Has its strongest presence in Oman, but is also found in North Africa and various communities on the Swahili Coast.
^Lewicki, T. (1971). "al-Ibāḍiyya". In Lewis, B.; Ménage, V. L.; Pellat, Ch. & Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume III: H–Iram. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 648–660. OCLC 495469525.
^Hoffman 2012.
^Hoffman 2012, p. 3.
^Ghazal, Amal N. (8 April 2010). Islamic Reform and Arab Nationalism: Expanding the Crescent from the ... - Amal N. Ghazal - Google Books. Routledge. ISBN 9781136996559. Retrieved 2022-10-01.
^Thompson, Andrew David (2019-10-31). Christianity in Oman: Ibadism, Religious Freedom, and the Church - Andrew David Thompson - Google Books. Springer. ISBN 9783030303983. Retrieved 2022-10-01.
^Islam In Plain and Simple English: BookCaps Study Guide - BookCaps Study Guides Staff - Google Books. BookCaps Study Guides. 2012. ISBN 9781621071792. Retrieved 2022-10-01.
^Walker, Bethany; Fenwick, Corisande; Insoll, Timothy (3 September 2020). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Archaeology - Google Books. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-998787-0. Retrieved 2022-10-01.
The Ibadi movement or Ibadism (Arabic: الإباضية, romanized: al-ʾIbāḍiyya, Arabic pronunciation: [alʔibaːˈdˤijja]) is a branch of Islam. It has been called...
someone authorized to issue legal opinions in Shīʿa Islam). The fiqh or jurisprudence of Ibadis is relatively simple. Absolute authority is given to...
Islam is the state-religion in Oman. The country is 95% Muslim. Both Sunni Islam and IbadiIslam have a following of about 45%, while 5% identify as Shia...
Ibāḍī theology refers to the study of God within the Ibāḍī branch of Islam, and shares a path with Islamic theology. Although the school was founded in...
unbelievers. Ibadi hadiths, such as the Jami Sahih collection, use chains of narrators from early Islamic history they consider trustworthy, but most Ibadi hadiths...
adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the...
Islam concerns the political, social, economic, military, and cultural developments of the Islamic civilization. Most historians believe that Islam originated...
followers of Sunni Islam, and the second largest being the Ibadi branch. In 2023, an estimated 47% of Omani citizens are Sunni and 35% are Ibadi Muslims. Only...
traditional Islamic historiography, he is the founder and namesake of IbāḍīIslam. Ibn Ibāḍ was one of the group of Basran Kharijites who, led by Nāfīʿ...
Fitzpatrick & Walker (2014, p. 3) Valerie J. Hoffman, The Essentials of IbadiIslam (2012), p. 6 Madelung (1997, pp. 32–33) Fitzpatrick & Walker (2014, p...
Several Omani/Ibadi manuscripts discovered over the past four decades, particularly in the Sultanate of Oman and North Africa, contain the texts of what...
Ibadis believe sinning Ibadis and all non-Ibadis are doomed to hell. According to Islamic studies professor Gavin Picken, Ibadis believe non-Ibadis and...
prominent Islamic scholars around the world, recognized four Sunni schools (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, Hanbali), two Shia schools (Ja'fari, Zaidi), the Ibadi school...
200-year-old system of government pioneered by the Ibadi religious leaders of Oman, and was based upon the Islamic sharia. The Imamate holds that the ruler should...
by extension to later Kharijites. In recent times, some adherents of IbadiIslam, which is commonly identified as a moderate offshoot of the Kharijite...
TwelverShia.net. March 7, 2019. Hoffman, Valerie Jon (2012). The Essentials of IbadiIslam. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 9780815650843...
qunut, the hands should be put together like a beggar. The minority Ibadi school of Islam rejects the practice of qunūt altogether. However, it is normative...
specialising in early Islamic history. Crone was a member of the Revisionist school of Islamic studies and questioned the historicity of the Islamic traditions about...
The Ibadi revolt was an Ibadi Kharijite uprising that occurred in ca. 747–748 against the Umayyad Caliphate. It established the first Ibadi imamate, a...
Muslim, with two-thirds being Sunni Muslim and a minority Ibadi, Ismaili and Twelver Shia. Islam has a long presence on the islands, with archeological findings...
The Rustamid dynasty (Arabic: الرستميون) (or Rustumids, Rostemids) was an Ibadi Persian dynasty centered in present-day Algeria. The dynasty governed as...
opposition took the form of open revolt in 739–740 under the banner of IbadiIslam. The Ibadi had been fighting Umayyad rule in the East, and many Berbers were...
Alchemicum Arabicum IV. Living Human Heritage Publications, Zurich 2016. Ibāḍī Texts from the 2nd/8th Century Muhammad Ibn Umail: The Pure Pearl and other...
consider them representatives of proto-democratic thought in early Islam. Modern Ibadi scholars have attempted to soften the image of the Kharijites, in...
(22 May 2012). The Essentials of IbadiIslam. ISBN 9780815650843. Hoffman, Valerie (2012). The Essentials of IbadiIslam. p. 19. Abou El Fadl, Khaled (2006)...
acceptable course of action was to depose them. The Nukkari subsect of IbadiIslam reportedly adopted a similar belief. Jacques Ellul recounts that at the...
Yasir ibn Amir, were the first martyrs of the Ummah. Ammar converted to Islam by the invitation of Abu Bakr and was amongst the muhajirun. After the migration...
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