Asiatic invaders of Egypt, established 15th dynasty
Hyksos
A man described as "Abisha the Hyksos" (𓋾𓈎𓈉 ḥqꜣ-ḫꜣswt, Heqa-kasut for "Hyksos"), leading a group of Aamu. Tomb of Khnumhotep II (circa 1900 BC).[1][2] This is one of the earliest known uses of the term "Hyksos".[3]
Periods and dynasties of ancient Egypt
All years are BC
Early
Pre-dynastic period
First Dynasty
I
c. 3150–2890
Second Dynasty
II
2890–2686
Old Kingdom
Third Dynasty
III
2686–2613
Fourth Dynasty
IV
2613–2498
Fifth Dynasty
V
2498–2345
Sixth Dynasty
VI
2345–2181
First Intermediate
Seventh Dynasty
VII
spurious
Eighth Dynasty
VIII
2181–2160
Ninth Dynasty
IX
2160–2130
Tenth Dynasty
X
2130–2040
Early Eleventh Dynasty
XI
2134–2061
Middle Kingdom
Late Eleventh Dynasty
XI
2061–1991
Twelfth Dynasty
XII
1991–1803
Thirteenth Dynasty
XIII
1803–1649
Second Intermediate
Fourteenth Dynasty
XIV
1705–1690
Fifteenth Dynasty (Hyksos)
XV
1674–1535
Sixteenth Dynasty
XVI
1660–1600
Abydos Dynasty
1650–1600
Seventeenth Dynasty
XVII
1580–1549
New Kingdom
Eighteenth Dynasty
XVIII
1549–1292
Nineteenth Dynasty
XIX
1292–1189
Twentieth Dynasty
XX
1189–1077
Third Intermediate
Twenty-first Dynasty
XXI
1069–945
Twenty-second Dynasty
XXII
945–720
Twenty-third Dynasty
XXIII
837–728
Twenty-fourth Dynasty
XXIV
732–720
Twenty-fifth Dynasty (Nubian)
XXV
732–653
Late Period
Twenty-sixth Dynasty
XXVI
672–525
Twenty-seventh Dynasty (1st Persian Period)
XXVII
525–404
Twenty-eighth Dynasty
XXVIII
404–398
Twenty-ninth Dynasty
XXIX
398–380
Thirtieth Dynasty
XXX
380–343
Thirty-first Dynasty (2nd Persian Period)
XXXI
343–332
Hellenistic Egypt
Thirty-second Dynasty
XXXII
332–305
Thirty-third Dynasty
XXXIII
305–30
Roman Egypt
Thirty-fourth Dynasty (Roman Pharaohs)
XXXIV
30 BC – 313 AD
See also: List of pharaohs by period and dynasty Periodization of ancient Egypt
v
t
e
Hyksos (/ˈhɪksɒs/; Egyptian ḥqꜣ(w)-ḫꜣswt, Egyptological pronunciation: heqau khasut,[4] "ruler(s) of foreign lands") is a term which, in modern Egyptology, designates the kings of the Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt[5] (fl. c. 1650–1550 BC).[a] The seat of power of these kings was the city of Avaris in the Nile Delta, from where they ruled over Lower Egypt and Middle Egypt up to Cusae.
In the Aegyptiaca, a history of Egypt written by the Greco-Egyptian priest and historian Manetho in the 3rd century BC, the term Hyksos is used ethnically to designate people of probable West Semitic, Levantine origin.[1][9] While Manetho portrayed the Hyksos as invaders and oppressors, this interpretation is questioned in modern Egyptology.[10] Instead, Hyksos rule might have been preceded by groups of Canaanite peoples who gradually settled in the Nile delta from the end of the Twelfth Dynasty onwards and who may have seceded from the crumbling and unstable Egyptian control at some point during the Thirteenth Dynasty.[11]
The Hyksos period marks the first in which Egypt was ruled by foreign rulers.[12] Many details of their rule, such as the true extent of their kingdom and even the names and order of their kings, remain uncertain. The Hyksos practiced many Levantine or Canaanite customs as well as many Egyptian customs.[13] They have been credited with introducing several technological innovations to Egypt, such as the horse and chariot, as well as the sickle sword and the composite bow, a theory which is disputed.[14]
The Hyksos did not control all of Egypt. Instead, they coexisted with the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Dynasties, which were based in Thebes.[15] Warfare between the Hyksos and the pharaohs of the late Seventeenth Dynasty eventually culminated in the defeat of the Hyksos by Ahmose I, who founded the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt.[16] In the following centuries, the Egyptians would portray the Hyksos as bloodthirsty and oppressive foreign rulers.
^ abVan de Mieroop 2011, p. 131.
^Bard 2015, p. 188.
^Willems 2010, p. 96.
^Bourriau 2000, p. 174.
^Bietak 2001, p. 136.
^Bietak 2012, p. 1.
^Schneider 2006, p. 196.
^Stiebing 2009, p. 197.
^Mourad 2015, p. 10.
^Ilin-Tomich 2016, p. 5.
^Bourriau 2000, pp. 177–178.
^Morenz & Popko 2010, p. 104.
^Bourriau 2000, p. 182.
^Ilin-Tomich 2016, p. 12.
^Ilin-Tomich 2016, p. 7.
^Morenz & Popko 2010, pp. 108–109.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
HyksosHyksos (/ˈhɪksɒs/; Egyptian ḥqꜣ(w)-ḫꜣswt, Egyptological pronunciation: heqau khasut, "ruler(s) of foreign lands") is a term which, in modern Egyptology...
replaced in rapid succession. The 14th Dynasty was overthrown by the Hyksos. The Hyksos established their own dynasty in Egypt, the 15th Dynasty (c.1650 to...
title is the typical designation of the Hyksos rulers. Khyan is one of the better attested kings from the Hyksos period, known from many seals and seal...
During the reign of his father or grandfather, Thebes rebelled against the Hyksos, the rulers of Lower Egypt. When he was seven years old, his father was...
against the Hyksos, who had come to rule much of Ancient Egypt. His father had begun the initiatives and lost his life in battle with the Hyksos. It is thought...
"invasion" of the land by the Hyksos is preserved in the Aegyptiaca of Manetho, who records that during this time the Hyksos overran Egypt, led by Salitis...
divided land, the area of direct Hyksos control being in the north, but the whole of Egypt paying tribute to the Hyksos kings. Seqenenre Tao participated...
the Hyksos, who formed the 15th Dynasty of Egyptian pharaohs. It has been claimed that new revolutionary methods of warfare ensured for the Hyksos their...
in Egypt as the Hyksos. Around 1785 BC, as the power of the Middle Kingdom kings weakened, a Western Asian people called the Hyksos, who had already...
existence and it finally came to an end with the conquest of Memphis by the Hyksos rulers of the 15th Dynasty, c. 1650 BC. In later texts, this dynasty is...
foreign ruler. He was succeeded by Khamudi, the last Hyksos ruler. Ahmose I, who drove out the Hyksos kings from Egypt, established the 18th Dynasty. In...
from Tell el-Dab'a mentioning an unknown king and describing him as a Hyksos. "Hyksos" was rather a generic term which is encountered separately from royal...
borne the title of "Hyksos". If Sheshi is to be equated with Salitis, then the seals of Sheshi discovered in Nubia suggest that the Hyksos allied themselves...
two kings of the dynasty opposed the Hyksos rule over Egypt and initiated a war that would rid Egypt of the Hyksos kings and began a period of unified...
tribe called the Hyksos sacked Memphis (the Egyptians' capital city) and claimed dominion over Upper and Lower Egypt. After the Hyksos took control, many...
practices of the Hyksos at Avaris with those of the area around Byblos, Ugarit, Alalakh and Tell Brak and defines the "spiritual home" of the Hyksos as "in northernmost...
pharaoh is driven out of the country and the leper-army, in alliance with the Hyksos (whose story is also told by Manetho) ravage Egypt, committing many sacrileges...
division of Upper and Lower Egypt between the pharaohs at Thebes and the Hyksos kings of the 15th Dynasty based at Avaris. Of the two chief versions of...
independence in Thebes, only to be overrun by the Hyksos kings shortly thereafter. Subsequently, as the Hyksos withdrew from Upper Egypt, the native Egyptian...
Avaris but was unable to defeat the Hyksos there. A few decades later, Ahmose I captured Avaris and overran the Hyksos. Canaanite-style artifacts dated to...
have inherited little more than the Hyksos throne, being possibly already besieged in Sharuhen, the last Hyksos stronghold in the Negev Desert. This...
the 15th–17th Dynasties. Egypt—Start of the Fifteenth Dynasty. 1674 BC—Hyksos invade Egypt.[citation needed] 1677 BC—Death of Terah, father of Abraham...
leading man with a Nubian ibex labelled "Abisha the Hyksos" (𓋾𓈎𓈉 ḥḳꜣ-ḫꜣsw, Heqa-kasut for "Hyksos"). The Aamu from this relief are further labeled as...
last ruler of the 17th Dynasty. Ahmose finished the campaign to expel the Hyksos rulers. His reign is seen as the end of the Second Intermediate Period and...
short-lived rulers until 1650 BCE when the Hyksos Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt conquered the Delta. c. 1649 BCE the Hyksos conquer Memphis, putting an end to the...
BC: Conquest of Memphis by the Hyksos and collapse of the 13th Dynasty of Egypt. c. 1650 BC: Start of the 15th (Hyksos) and 16th Dynasties of Egypt. c...
chaos. Apepi (pharaoh) or Apophis (reigned c. 1580–1550 BC), a 15th-Dynasty Hyksos pharaoh 99942 Apophis, a near-Earth asteroid Apophis (Stargate), a Stargate...
Second Intermediate Period, following the conquest of Lower Egypt by the Hyksos, there was a rump Egyptian kingdom in Upper Egypt centered on Thebes, which...
Global Information