Scarab seal inscribed with "the son of Ra, Sheshi, given life"[1]
Pharaoh
Reign
duration highly uncertain: three years,[note 1] 19 years,[note 2] c. 40 years.[note 3]
Coregency
Conjectural coregency with Nehesy (Ryholt)
Predecessor
uncertain, Ammu Aahotepre[5]
Successor
uncertain, Nehesy Aasehre,[5] Yaqub-Har[6]
Royal titulary
Prenomen (Praenomen)
Maaibre M3ˁ-jb-Rˁ The righteous one is the heart of Ra[7]
Nomen
Sheshi Ššj
Consort
uncertain, Tati (Ryholt)
Children
uncertain, Nehesy ♂, Ipqu ♂ (Ryholt)
Dynasty
14th or 15th
Maaibre Sheshi (also Sheshy) was a ruler of areas of Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period. The dynasty, chronological position, duration and extent of his reign are uncertain and subject to ongoing debate. The difficulty of identification is mirrored by problems in determining events from the end of the Middle Kingdom to the arrival of the Hyksos in Egypt. Nonetheless, Sheshi is, in terms of the number of artifacts attributed to him, the best-attested king of the period spanning the end of the Middle Kingdom and the Second Intermediate period; roughly from c. 1800 BC until 1550 BC. Hundreds of scaraboid seals bearing his name have been found throughout the Levant, Egypt, Nubia, and as far away as Carthage, where some were still in use 1,500 years after his death.
Three competing hypotheses have been put forth for the dynasty to which Sheshi belonged. The first hypothesis is supported by Egyptologists such as Nicolas Grimal, William C. Hayes, and Donald B. Redford, who believe that he should be identified with Salitis, founder of the 15th Dynasty according to historical sources and king of the Hyksos during their invasion of Egypt. Salitis is credited with 19 years of reign and would have lived sometime between c. 1720 BC and 1650 BC. The second hypothesis is supported by Egyptologist William Ayres Ward and the archaeologist Daphna Ben-Tor, who propose that Sheshi was a Hyksos king and belongs to the second half of the 15th Dynasty, reigning between Khyan and Apophis. Alternatively, Manfred Bietak has proposed that Sheshi was a vassal of the Hyksos, ruling over some part of Egypt or Canaan. The very existence of such vassals is debated. The final hypothesis says Sheshi could be a ruler of the early 14th Dynasty, a line of kings of Canaanite descent ruling over of the Eastern Nile Delta immediately before the arrival of the Hyksos. Proponents of this theory, such as Kim Ryholt and Darrell Baker, credit Sheshi with 40 years of reign starting ca. 1745 BC.
Ryholt proposed that Sheshi allied his kingdom with the Kushites in Nubia via a dynastic marriage with the Nubian princess Tati. Ryholt further posits that the son of Sheshi and Tati was Nehesy, whose name means "The Nubian", whom he believes succeeded Sheshi to the throne as the pharaoh Nehesy Aasehre.
^Walters Art Museum 2015, Online catalog Seal 29621.
^Hayes 1978, p. xiv.
^Redford 1992, p. 110.
^Redford 1992, p. 107.
^ abcRyholt 1997, p. 409.
^Hayes 1978, p. 6.
^Leprohon 2013, p. 75.
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