A nerve guidance conduit (also referred to as an artificial nerve conduit or artificial nerve graft, as opposed to an autograft) is an artificial means of guiding axonal regrowth to facilitate nerve regeneration and is one of several clinical treatments for nerve injuries. When direct suturing of the two stumps of a severed nerve cannot be accomplished without tension, the standard clinical treatment for peripheral nerve injuries is autologous nerve grafting. Due to the limited availability of donor tissue and functional recovery in autologous nerve grafting, neural tissue engineering research has focused on the development of bioartificial nerve guidance conduits as an alternative treatment, especially for large defects. Similar techniques are also being explored for nerve repair in the spinal cord but nerve regeneration in the central nervous system poses a greater challenge because its axons do not regenerate appreciably in their native environment.[1]
The creation of artificial conduits is also known as entubulation because the nerve ends and intervening gap are enclosed within a tube composed of biological or synthetic materials.[2] Whether the conduit is in the form of a biologic tube, synthetic tube or tissue-engineered conduit, it should facilitate neurotropic and neurotrophic communication between the proximal and distal ends of the nerve gap, block external inhibitory factors, and provide a physical guidance for axonal regrowth.[3] The most basic objective of a nerve guidance conduit is to combine physical, chemical, and biological cues under conditions that will foster tissue formation.[4]
Materials that have been used to make biologic tubes include blood vessels and skeletal muscles, while nonabsorbable and bioabsorbable synthetic tubes have been made from silicone and polyglycolide respectively.[5] Tissue-engineered nerve guidance conduits are a combination of many elements: scaffold structure, scaffold material, cellular therapies, neurotrophic factors and biomimetic materials. The choice of which physical, chemical and biological cues to use is based on the properties of the nerve environment, which is critical in creating the most desirable environment for axon regeneration. The factors that control material selection include biocompatibility, biodegradability,[6] mechanical integrity,[3] controllability during nerve growth, implantation and sterilization.
^Schmidt, C. E.; Leach, J. B. (August 2003). "Neural tissue engineering: strategies for repair and regeneration". Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering. 5: 293–347. doi:10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.011303.120731. PMID 14527315.
^Phillips, J. B.; Bunting, S. C.; Hall, S. M. and Brown, R. A. (September–October 2005). "Neural Tissue Engineering: A self-organizing collagen guidance conduit". Tissue Engineering. 11 (9–10): 1611–1617. doi:10.1089/ten.2005.11.1611. PMID 16259614.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ abRecknor, J. B.; Mallapragada, S. K. (2006). "Nerve Regeneration: Tissue Engineering Strategies". In Bronzino, J. D. (ed.). The Biomedical Engineering Handbook: Tissue Engineering and Artificial Organs. New York: Taylor & Francis.
^Lavik, E.; Langer, R. (July 2004). "Tissue engineering: current state and perspectives". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 65 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1007/s00253-004-1580-z. hdl:11603/21195. PMID 15221227. S2CID 28484381.
^Battiston, B.; Geuna, S.; Ferrero, M. & Tos, P. (2005). "Nerve repair by means of tubulization: literature review and personal clinical experience comparing biological and synthetic conduits for sensory nerve repair". Microsurgery. 25 (4): 258–267. doi:10.1002/micr.20127. PMID 15934044. S2CID 9857612.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Stang, F.; Fansa, H.; Wolf, G. and Keilhoff, G. (2005). "Collagen nerve conduits – Assessment of biocompatibility and axonal regeneration". Biomedical Materials and Engineering. 15 (1–2): 3–12. PMID 15623925.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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