Global InformationHuman betaretrovirus information
| Human betaretrovirus | |
|---|---|
Virus classification 
| |
| (unranked): | Virus |
| Realm: | Riboviria |
| Kingdom: | Pararnavirae |
| Phylum: | Artverviricota |
| Class: | Revtraviricetes |
| Order: | Ortervirales |
| Family: | Retroviridae |
| Genus: | Betaretrovirus |
| Species: | Human betaretrovirus
|
Human betaretrovirus (HBRV), also known as Human mammary tumor virus, or Mouse mammary tumor-like virus is the human homologue of the Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV). The nomenclature for Human betaretrovirus was introduced following characterization of infection in patient with autoimmune liver disease suggesting the virus is not solely found in mice nor exclusively implicated in the development of neoplastic disease.[1][2][3] Evidence of HBRV has been documented in humans dating back at least 4500 years ago,[4][5] and it stands as the only identified exogenous betaretrovirus affecting humans to date.[6]
The existence of this virus was suspected for decades[7] but nucleotide sequences identifying a unique virus in human breast cancer tumors were not confirmed until 2001.[8] Viral particles were isolated several years later.[9]
- ^ Xu, Lizhe; Sakalian, Michael; Shen, Zhiwei; Loss, George; Neuberger, James; Mason, Andrew (January 11, 2004). "Cloning the human betaretrovirus proviral genome from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis". Hepatology. 39 (1): 151–156. doi:10.1002/hep.20024. PMID 14752833 – via CrossRef.
- ^ Xu, Lizhe; Shen, Zhiwei; Guo, Linsheng; Fodera, Brent; Keogh, Adrian; Joplin, Ruth; O'Donnell, Barbara; Aitken, James; Carman, William; Neuberger, James; Mason, Andrew (July 8, 2003). "Does a betaretrovirus infection trigger primary biliary cirrhosis?". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (14): 8454–8459. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.8454X. doi:10.1073/pnas.1433063100. PMC 166250. PMID 12832623.
- ^ Syed, Hussain; Penner, Tara; Mason, Andrew L. (September 11, 2022). "Linking Human Betaretrovirus with Autoimmunity and Liver Disease in Patients with Primary Biliary Cholangitis". Viruses. 14 (9): 1941. doi:10.3390/v14091941. PMC 9502388. PMID 36146750.
- ^ Bevilacqua, Generoso (August 11, 2022). "The Viral Origin of Human Breast Cancer: From the Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV) to the Human Betaretrovirus (HBRV)". Viruses. 14 (8): 1704. doi:10.3390/v14081704. PMC 9412291. PMID 36016325.
- ^ Lessi, Francesca; Grandi, Nicole; Mazzanti, Chiara Maria; Civita, Prospero; Scatena, Cristian; Aretini, Paolo; Bandiera, Pasquale; Fornaciari, Antonio; Giuffra, Valentina; Fornaciari, Gino; Naccarato, Antonio Giuseppe; Tramontano, Enzo; Bevilacqua, Generoso (July 31, 2020). "A human MMTV-like betaretrovirus linked to breast cancer has been present in humans at least since the copper age". Aging (Albany NY). 12 (16): 15978–15994. doi:10.18632/aging.103780. PMC 7485742. PMID 32735554.
- ^ Goubran, Mariam; Wang, Weiwei; Indik, Stanislav; Faschinger, Alexander; Wasilenko, Shawn T.; Bintner, Jasper; Carpenter, Eric J.; Zhang, Guangzhi; Nuin, Paulo; Macintyre, Georgina; Wong, Gane K.-S.; Mason, Andrew L. (April 24, 2022). "Isolation of a Human Betaretrovirus from Patients with Primary Biliary Cholangitis". Viruses. 14 (5): 886. doi:10.3390/v14050886. PMC 9146342. PMID 35632628.
- ^ Moore, Dan H.; Sarkar, Nurul H.; Kramarsky, Bernhard; Lasfargues, E. Y.; Charney, Jesse (December 1971). "Some aspects of the search for a human mammary tumor virus". Cancer. 28 (6): 1415–1424. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(197112)28:6<1415::AID-CNCR2820280614>3.0.CO;2-Z. PMID 4333302.
- ^ Liu, B; Wang, Y; Melana, SM; Pelisson, I; Najfeld, V; Holland, JF; Pogo, BG (15 February 2001). "Identification of a proviral structure in human breast cancer". Cancer Research. 61 (4): 1754–9. PMID 11245493.
- ^ Melana, SM; Nepomnaschy, I; Sakalian, M; Abbott, A; Hasa, J; Holland, JF; Pogo, BG (15 September 2007). "Characterization of viral particles isolated from primary cultures of human breast cancer cells". Cancer Research. 67 (18): 8960–5. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-3892. hdl:11336/55456. PMID 17875739.