It has been suggested that this article be merged into Human chimera. (Discuss) Proposed since May 2024.
Variation in iris color exhibiting human chimerism
Human chimerism is a condition characterized by the presence of cells from two or more unique zygotes within an individual, which can occur spontaneously or through artificial means.[1] Natural human chimeras can arise during pregnancy through the exchange of cells between fetus and mother or through genetic fusion between twins. This leads to the emergence of new chimeric genes and phenotypic traits, including skin pigmentation and eye color variation.[2] Identification of natural chimeras involves various techniques such as blood typing, karyotyping, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).[3]
Artificial human chimeras result from the introduction of donor cells into the recipient body, typically through tissue or organ transplantations. This can be an intentional process to create man-made allograft or xenograft transplantations, as well as in vitro fertilization (IVF)-related chimeras. Alternatively, chimeras can arise to create iatrogenic chimeras.[1] Detection methods include semi-quantitative molecular DNA tests such as short tandem repeats (STR) analysis.[2][3][4]
Both natural and artificial human chimerism give rise to health and ethical implications.
^ abWenk, Robert E. (2018). "A review of the biology and classification of human chimeras". Transfusion. 58 (8): 2054–2067. doi:10.1111/trf.14791. ISSN 1537-2995. PMID 30153329.
^ abSyrrou, Maria; Batistatou, Anna; Zoubouli, Maria; Pampanos, Andreas (2021). "Mythological figures in art and genetics: Current perspectives on cyclopia and chimerism". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics. 187 (2): 235–239. doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.31893. ISSN 1552-4868. PMID 33982348.
^ abJohnson, Brandon N.; Ehli, Erik A.; Davies, Gareth E.; Boomsma, Dorret I. (2020). "Chimerism in health and potential implications on behavior: A systematic review". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 182 (6): 1513–1529. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.61565. ISSN 1552-4825. PMID 32212323.
^Dumache, Raluca; Enache, Alexandra; Barbarii, Ligia; Constantinescu, Carmen; Pascalau, Andreea; Jinca, Cristian; Arghirescu, Smaranda (2018). "Chimerism Monitoring by Short Tandem Repeat (STR) Markers in Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation". Clinical Laboratory. 64 (9/2018): 1535–1543. doi:10.7754/clin.lab.2018.180409. ISSN 1433-6510. PMID 30274026.
Natural humanchimerism occurs through several means and can be categorized into three groups: microchimerism, fusion chimerism and twin chimerism. Microchimerism...
A human chimera is a human with a subset of cells with a distinct genotype than other cells, that is, having genetic chimerism. In contrast, an individual...
caused Muhl to be born with a genetic condition called humanchimerism. Not all cases of chimerism can be seen or detected from outside the body, but in...
responsible mechanisms are unclear. The term comes from the prefix "micro" + "chimerism" based on the hybrid Chimera of Greek mythology. The concept was first...
Human genetic chimerism, which can not only cause a wide range of illnesses but also lead to the same person having more than one profile in genetic fingerprinting...
Lydia Fairchild (born 1976) is an American woman who exhibits chimerism, having two distinct populations of DNA among the cells of her body. She was pregnant...
mouse-human cross-species chimerism with human pluripotent cells as originally reported by Hanna in 2013 and expanded further by his group in 2021. Human PSCs...
D, Lander ES (December 1994). "Large human YACs constructed in a rad52 strain show a reduced rate of chimerism". Genomics. 24 (3): 478–84. doi:10.1006/geno...
Taylor Muhl. She is a singer/songwriter known as a public advocate for humanChimerism. Muhl died on April 22, 2001, at the age of 94. His death took place...
five single cells were removed, and fully sequenced them to identify chimerism and off-target errors. He says that during the pregnancy, cell-free fetal...
diploidization of triploids as a source of unusual cases of mosaicism, chimerism and twinning". Human Reproduction. 18 (2): 236–242. doi:10.1093/humrep/deg060. PMID 12571155...
in 46XX/46XY chimerism, which occurs when an X sperm and a Y sperm fertilize an ovum Fusion of two ova: Can result in 46XX/46XY chimerism, which occurs...
parental genomes in distinct blastomere lineages causing cleavage-stage chimerism and mixoploidy. Zamani Esteki et al., Concurrent Whole-Genome Haplotyping...
cellular rejection is to induce donor non-responsiveness using hematopoietic chimerism. Donor stem cells are introduced into the bone marrow of the recipient...
may be inherited, or caused by genetic mosaicism, chimerism, disease, or injury. It occurs in humans and certain breeds of domesticated animals. Heterochromia...
December 2014. Malouf, Najla; Benirschke, K.; Hoefnagel, D. (1967). "XX/XY Chimerism in a Tricolored Male Cat". Cytogenetic and Genome Research. 6 (3–4). Cytogenetics:...
(fish to non-human primate) transplant of pancreatic islets. The latter research study was intended to pave the way for potential human use if successful...
content. A number of causes are responsible, including genetic, such as chimerism, Horner's syndrome and Waardenburg syndrome. A chimera can have two different...
forced to re-think her decision to hold back the truth. Final diagnosis: Chimerism 49 3 "Informed Consent" Laura Innes David Foster September 19, 2006 (2006-09-19)...
with iPSC derivatives incorporated all across their bodies with 10–90% chimerism. Tetraploid complementation: iPS cells from mouse fetal fibroblasts injected...
transcript and combining them with other pieces is called splicing. The human genome encodes approximately 25,000 genes but there are significantly more...
vascular connections between placentas: an example of microchimerism. The chimerism is mainly present in the hematopoietic stem cells. Freemartins are known...
matches with the victim of a kidnapping. Paternity fraud Mosaicism and chimerism, rare genetic conditions that can result in false negative results on...
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