Medical procedure in which an organ is removed from one body and placed in the body of a recipient
Organ transplant
Reenactment of the first heart transplant, performed in South Africa
MeSH
D016377
[edit on Wikidata]
Transplant surgeon
Occupation
Names
Physician
Surgeon
Occupation type
Specialty
Activity sectors
Medicine, Surgery
Description
Education required
Doctor of Medicine (M.D.)
Doctor of Osteopathic medicine (D.O.)
Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (M.B.B.S., MBChB)
Fields of employment
Hospitals, Clinics
Organ transplantation is a medical procedure in which an organ is removed from one body and placed in the body of a recipient, to replace a damaged or missing organ. The donor and recipient may be at the same location, or organs may be transported from a donor site to another location. Organs and/or tissues that are transplanted within the same person's body are called autografts. Transplants that are recently performed between two subjects of the same species are called allografts. Allografts can either be from a living or cadaveric source.
Organs that have been successfully transplanted include the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas, intestine, thymus and uterus. Tissues include bones, tendons (both referred to as musculoskeletal grafts), corneae, skin, heart valves, nerves and veins. Worldwide, the kidneys are the most commonly transplanted organs, followed by the liver and then the heart. Corneae and musculoskeletal grafts are the most commonly transplanted tissues; these outnumber organ transplants by more than tenfold.
Organ donors may be living, brain dead, or dead via circulatory death.[1] Tissue may be recovered from donors who die of circulatory death,[2] as well as of brain death – up to 24 hours past the cessation of heartbeat. Unlike organs, most tissues (with the exception of corneas) can be preserved and stored for up to five years, meaning they can be "banked". Transplantation raises a number of bioethical issues, including the definition of death, when and how consent should be given for an organ to be transplanted, and payment for organs for transplantation.[3][4] Other ethical issues include transplantation tourism (medical tourism) and more broadly the socio-economic context in which organ procurement or transplantation may occur. A particular problem is organ trafficking.[5] There is also the ethical issue of not holding out false hope to patients.[6]
Transplantation medicine is one of the most challenging and complex areas of modern medicine. Some of the key areas for medical management are the problems of transplant rejection, during which the body has an immune response to the transplanted organ, possibly leading to transplant failure and the need to immediately remove the organ from the recipient. When possible, transplant rejection can be reduced through serotyping to determine the most appropriate donor-recipient match and through the use of immunosuppressant drugs.[7]
^Manara, A. R.; Murphy, P. G.; O'Callaghan, G. (2011). "Donation after circulatory death". British Journal of Anaesthesia. 108: i108–21. doi:10.1093/bja/aer357. PMID 22194426.
^Bernat, James L.; Capron, Alexander M.; Bleck, Thomas P.; Blosser, Sandralee; Bratton, Susan L.; Childress, James F.; DeVita, Michael A.; Fulda, Gerard J.; Gries, Cynthia J. (March 2010). "The circulatory–respiratory determination of death in organ donation*". Critical Care Medicine. 38 (3): 963–70. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181c58916. ISSN 0090-3493. PMID 20124892. S2CID 6292792.
^See WHO Guiding Principles on human cell, tissue and organ transplantation, Annexed to World Health Organization, 2008. Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
^Further sources in the Bibliography on Ethics of the WHO Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
^See Organ trafficking and transplantation pose new challenges Archived 15 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
^Cite error: The named reference The-Guardian-Simon-Garfield-April-6-2008 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Frohn C, Fricke L, Puchta JC, Kirchner H (February 2001). "The effect of HLA-C matching on acute renal transplant rejection". Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 16 (2): 355–60. doi:10.1093/ndt/16.2.355. PMID 11158412.
and 29 Related for: Organ transplantation information
should be given for an organ to be transplanted, and payment for organs for transplantation. Other ethical issues include transplantation tourism (medical tourism)...
products, usually for transplantation. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), organ trade is a commercial transplantation where there is a profit...
as cadaveric) or living-donor transplantation depending on the source of the donor organ. Living-donor kidney transplants are further characterized as...
Organ donation is the process when a person authorizes an organ of their own to be removed and transplanted to another person, legally, either by consent...
organs and the morbidity and mortality associated with being on transplant waitlists has also increased interest in ABO-incompatible transplantation in...
Organtransplantation in Israel has historically been low compared to other Western countries due to a common belief that organ donation is prohibited...
Organtransplantation in China has taken place since the 1960s, and is one of the largest organtransplant programmes in the world, peaking at over 13...
donor organs are functioning normally, the heart-lung machine is withdrawn, and the chest is closed. Kidney transplantation is the organtransplant of a...
heterologous transplant, is the transplantation of living cells, tissues or organs from one species to another. Such cells, tissues or organs are called...
sources of organs used in transplant practices, and the World Medical Association, the American Society of Transplantation and the Transplantation Society...
Liver transplantation or hepatic transplantation is the replacement of a diseased liver with the healthy liver from another person (allograft). Liver transplantation...
organ transplantation. If the organ donor is human, most countries require that the donor be legally dead for consideration of organtransplantation (e.g...
Organtransplantation is a common theme in science fiction and horror fiction. Numerous horror movies feature the theme of transplanted body parts that...
Intestine transplantation (intestinal transplantation, or small bowel transplantation) is the surgical replacement of the small intestine for chronic...
for Organ Sharing (UNOS) is a non-profit scientific and educational organization that administers the only Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network...
is the transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs to a recipient from a genetically non-identical donor of the same species. The transplant is called...
work on organtransplantation later earned a Nobel Prize; Guthrie was probably excluded because of this controversial work on head transplantation. In 1954...
Kidney Foundation Milestones in OrganTransplantation Terplan, Martin. Centenary of first successful human transplant (PDF). BMJ 2005;331;891- Retrieved...
Organ theft is the act of taking a person's organs for transplantation or sale on the black market, without their explicit consent through means of being...
Organtransplantation in Japan is regulated by the 1997 OrganTransplant Law which legalized organ procurement from "brain dead" donors. After an early...
Lung transplantation, or pulmonary transplantation, is a surgical procedure in which one or both lungs are replaced by lungs from a donor. Donor lungs...
topic in organtransplantation. The World Health Organization argues that transplantation promote health, but the notion of “transplantation tourism”...
of human organs obtained from deceased individuals and established a public-private partnership known as Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network...
Russian scientist and organtransplantation pioneer, who performed several transplants in the 1940s and 1950s, including the transplantation of a heart into...
successful allogenic uterus transplantation, in a rat, with healthy offspring. As of 2023, more than 100 womb transplants have taken place, with around...
another Organtransplantation, moving an organ from one body to another Transplant thought experiment, an experiment similar to Trolley problem Transplant experiment...
Eye transplantation is the transplantation of the globe of the human eye from a donor to a recipient. Research efforts in whole eye transplantation (WET)...
Global Information