Heterophyes heterophyes, or the intestinal fish fluke, was discovered by Theodor Maximaillian Bilharz in 1851. This parasite was found during an autopsy of an Egyptian mummy.[1]H. heterophyes is found in the Middle East, West Europe and Africa.[2] They use different species to complete their complex lifestyle. Humans and other mammals are the definitive host, first intermediate host are snails, and second intermediate are fish. Mammals that come in contact with the parasite are dogs, humans, and cats. Snails that are affected by this parasite are the Cerithideopsilla conica. Fish that come in contact with this parasite are Mugil cephalus, Tilapia milotica, Aphanius fasciatus, and Acanthgobius sp.[2] Humans and mammals will come in contact with this parasite by the consumption of contaminated or raw fish.[3] This parasite is one of the smallest endoparasite to infect humans.[4] It can cause intestinal infection called heterophyiasis.[5]
^Chai, Jong-Yil; Jung, Bong-Kwang (2017-09-01). "Fishborne zoonotic heterophyid infections: An update". Food and Waterborne Parasitology. IAFWP/WAAVP 2017 Symposium on Food and Waterborne Parasites. 8–9: 33–63. doi:10.1016/j.fawpar.2017.09.001. ISSN 2405-6766. PMC 7034020. PMID 32095640.
^ abChai, Jong-Yil; Jung, Bong-Kwang (2020-01-01). "Foodborne intestinal flukes: A brief review of epidemiology and geographical distribution". Acta Tropica. 201: 105210. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105210. ISSN 0001-706X. PMID 31600520.
^Ashour, Dalia S.; Othman, Ahmad A.; Radi, Dina A. (2014-08-01). "Insights into regulatory molecules of intestinal epithelial cell turnover during experimental infection by Heterophyes heterophyes". Experimental Parasitology. 143: 48–54. doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2014.05.003. ISSN 0014-4894. PMID 24852217.
^Bogitsh, Burton J.; Carter, Clint E.; Oeltmann, Thomas N. (2019-01-01), Bogitsh, Burton J.; Carter, Clint E.; Oeltmann, Thomas N. (eds.), "Chapter 10 - Visceral Flukes", Human Parasitology (Fifth Edition), Academic Press, pp. 175–191, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813712-3.00010-2, ISBN 978-0-12-813712-3, retrieved 2020-02-28
^Daoud, Ahmed (February 2012). "254 Experimental Heterophyiasis". World Allergy Organization Journal. 5 (Suppl 2): S83. doi:10.1097/01.wox.0000412011.68985.61. ISSN 1939-4551. PMC 3512869.
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the walls and develop new eggs. (in Japanese) Katsurada F. (1912). "Heterophyes in Japan. II. Creation of a new genus Metagonimus". Okayama Igakkai Zasshi...
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and discovered the tapeworm Hymenolepis nana and the flatworm Heterophyesheterophyes in 1851. Early in that year he found a male worm from a dead soldier...
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