This article is about the organism. For the infection, see Schistosomiasis.
Schistosoma haematobium
Eggs of S. haematobium surrounded by intense infiltrates of eosinophils in bladder tissue.
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Platyhelminthes
Class:
Trematoda
Order:
Diplostomida
Family:
Schistosomatidae
Genus:
Schistosoma
Species:
S. haematobium
Binomial name
Schistosoma haematobium
(Bilharz, 1852)
Schistosoma haematobium (urinary blood fluke) is a species of digenetic trematode, belonging to a group (genus) of blood flukes (Schistosoma). It is found in Africa and the Middle East. It is the major agent of schistosomiasis, the most prevalent parasitic infection in humans.[1] It is the only blood fluke that infects the urinary tract, causing urinary schistosomiasis, and is the leading cause of bladder cancer (only next to tobacco smoking).[2][3] The diseases are caused by the eggs.
Adults are found in the venous plexuses around the urinary bladder and the released eggs travels to the wall of the urine bladder causing haematuria and fibrosis of the bladder. The bladder becomes calcified, and there is increased pressure on ureters and kidneys otherwise known as hydronephrosis. Inflammation of the genitals due to S. haematobium may contribute to the propagation of HIV.[4]
S. haematobium was the first blood fluke discovered. Theodor Bilharz, a German surgeon working in Cairo, identified the parasite as a causative agent of urinary infection in 1851. After the discoverer, the infection (generally including all schistosome infections) was called bilharzia or bilharziasis.[5] Along with other helminth parasites Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis viverrini, S. haematobium was declared as Group 1 (extensively proven) carcinogens by the WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans in 2009.[6]
^Anon (2017). "Schistosomiasis". WHO Fact Sheet. WHO Media Centre. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
^Antoni, S.; Ferlay, J.; Soerjomataram, I.; Znaor, A.; Jemal, A.; Bray, F. (2017). "Bladder Cancer incidence and mortality: A global overview and recent trends". European Urology. 71 (1): 96–108. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2016.06.010. PMID 27370177.
^Khurana S, Dubey ML, Malla N (April 2005). "Association of parasitic infections and cancers". Indian J Med Microbiol. 23 (2): 74–79. doi:10.1016/S0300-483X(01)00357-2. PMID 15928434.
^Leutscher PD, Pedersen M, Raharisolo C, et al. (2005). "Increased prevalence of leukocytes and elevated cytokine levels in semen from Schistosoma haematobium-infected individuals". J Infect Dis. 191 (10): 1639–47. doi:10.1086/429334. PMID 15838790.
^Tan, SY; Ahana, A (2007). "Theodor Bilharz (1825–1862): discoverer of schistosomiasis" (PDF). Singapore Medical Journal. 48 (3): 184–185. PMID 17342284.
^van Tong, Hoang; Brindley, Paul J.; Meyer, Christian G.; Velavan, Thirumalaisamy P. (2017). "Parasite Infection, Carcinogenesis and Human Malignancy". eBioMedicine. 15: 12–23. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.11.034. PMC 5233816. PMID 27956028.
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