After the outbreak of the American Civil War, the Kingdom of Hawaii under King Kamehameha IV declared its neutrality on August 26, 1861.[1][2] However, many Native Hawaiians and Hawaii-born Americans (mainly descendants of the American missionaries), abroad and in the islands, enlisted in the military regiments of various states in the Union and the Confederacy.[3]
^Kuykendall 1953, pp. 57–66.
^Forbes 2001, pp. 298–299.
^National Park Service 2015, pp. 130–163.
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