Greece in the Roman era describes the Roman conquest of the territory of the modern nation-state of Greece as well as that of the Greek people and the areas they inhabited and ruled historically.[1][2][3] It covers the periods when Greece was dominated first by the Roman Republic and then by the Roman Empire.[4] In the history of Greece, the Roman era began with the Corinthian defeat in the Battle of Corinth in 146 BC. However, before the Achaean War, the Roman Republic had been steadily gaining control of mainland Greece by defeating the Kingdom of Macedon in a series of conflicts known as the Macedonian Wars. The Fourth Macedonian War ended at the Battle of Pydna in 148 BC with the defeat of the Macedonian royal pretender Andriscus.
The definitive Roman occupation of the Greek world was established after the Battle of Actium (31 BC), in which Augustus defeated Cleopatra VII, the Greek Ptolemaic queen of Egypt, and the Roman general Mark Antony, and afterwards conquered Alexandria (30 BC), the last great city of Hellenistic Egypt.[5] The Roman era of Greek history continued with Emperor Constantine the Great's adoption of Byzantium as Nova Roma, the capital city of the Roman Empire; in 330 AD, the city was renamed Constantinople. Afterwards, the Byzantine Empire was the Eastern Roman Empire, including Greek and Roman culture.
^Austin, M.M. (2011). The Hellenistic world from Alexander to the Roman conquest : a selection of ancient sources in translation. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82860-4. OCLC 813628501.
^Waterfield, Robin (2014). Taken at the flood: the Roman conquest of Greece. ISBN 978-0-19-876747-3. OCLC 972308960.
^"Until the Roman Conquest, 272–146", A Short History of Ancient Greece, I.B.Tauris, 2014, doi:10.5040/9780755694549.ch-012, ISBN 978-1-78076-593-8, retrieved 2021-07-11
^Finlay, George; Fanshawe Tozer, Harry (2017). A history of Greece, from its conquest by the Romans to the present time B.C. 146 to A.D. 1864. Norderstedt: Hansebooks. ISBN 978-3-337-11847-1. OCLC 1189729109.
^Hellenistic Age. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2013. Archived 14 May 2013.
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