Great Eastern Crisis information

Great Eastern Crisis (1875–1878)
	Part of the rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire and of the Great Game
	; Serbian soldiers attacking the Ottoman army at Mramor, 1877
Date	19 June 1875 – 13 July 1878; (3 years, 3 weeks and 3 days)
Location	Balkans, Caucasus
Result	Ottoman defeat Treaty of Berlin;
Territorial; changes	Reestablishment of the Bulgarian state; De jure independence of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro from the Ottoman Empire; Kars and Batum Oblasts become part of the Russian Empire;
Belligerents
Russia Grand Duchy of Finland; ; Romania; Bulgaria; Montenegro; Serbia; Austria-Hungary; Greek rebels; Supported by: Germany; France;	Ottoman Empire; Supported by: United Kingdom;
Commanders and leaders
Alexander II; Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich; Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich; Mikhail Loris-Melikov; Mikhail Skobelev; Iosif Gurko; Ivan Lazarev; Carol I of Romania; Alexander of Battenberg; Prince Nikola; Kosta Protić; Stjepan Jovanović Kosmas Doumpiotis;	Abdul Hamid II; Ahmed Pasha; Osman Pasha; Suleiman Pasha; Mehmed Pasha; Abdülkerim Nadir Pasha; Ahmed Eyüb Pasha; Mehmed Riza Pasha;
Strength
185,000 in the Army of the Danube, 75,000 in the Caucasian Army Finland: 1,000; ; 66,000; 12,000, 190 cannons; 81,500; 45,000; 15,000;	281,000
Casualties and losses
15,567 killed, 56,652 wounded, 6,824 died from wounds; 4,302 killed and missing, 3,316 wounded, 19,904 sick ; 2,456 dead and wounded; 2,400 dead and wounded;	30,000 killed, 90,000 died from wounds and diseases

The Great Eastern Crisis of 1875–1878 began in the Ottoman Empire's territories on the Balkan peninsula in 1875, with the outbreak of several uprisings and wars that resulted in the intervention of international powers, and was ended with the Treaty of Berlin in July 1878.

It is also called Serbo-Croatian: Velika istočna kriza; Turkish: Şark Buhranı ("Eastern Crisis", for the crisis in general), Turkish: Ramazan Kararnamesi ("Decree of Ramadan", for the sovereign default declared on 30 October 1875) and Turkish: 93 Harbi ("War of 93", for the wars on the Balkan peninsula between 1877 and 1878, referring in particular to the Russo-Turkish War, the year 1293 on the Islamic Rumi calendar corresponding to the year 1877 on the Gregorian calendar).

^ Timothy C. Dowling. Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond. ABC-CLIO, 2014. p. 748
^ Mernikov, A. G.; Spektor, A. A. (2005). Всемирная история войн [World History of Wars] (in Russian). Minsk, Belarus: Харвест.
^ Urlanis, Boris (1960). Войны в период домонополистического капитализма [Wars during the period of pre-monopoly capitalism]. Войны и народонаселение Европы. Людские потери вооруженных сил европейских стран в войнах XVII—XX вв. (Историко-статистическое исследование) [Wars and population of Europe: Human losses of the armed forces of European countries in the wars of the 17th—20th centuries (Historical and statistical research)] (in Russian). Minsk: Sotsekgiz. pp. 104–105, 129 § 4.
^ Scafes, Cornel, et al., Armata Romania in Razvoiul de Independenta 1877–1878 [The Romanian Army in the War of Independence 1877–1878]. Bucuresti, Editura Sigma, 2002, p. 149 (Romence)
^ ^a ^b Boris Urlanis, Войны и народонаселение Европы [Wars and population of Europe], Part II, Chapter II
^ ^a ^b Mernikov, A. G.; Spektor, A. A. (2005). Всемирная история войн [World History of Wars] (in Russian). Minsk, Belarus: Харвест. ISBN 985-13-2607-0.

[1] Timothy C. Dowling. Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond. ABC-CLIO, 2014. p. 748

[2] Mernikov, A. G.; Spektor, A. A. (2005). Всемирная история войн [World History of Wars] (in Russian). Minsk, Belarus: Харвест.

[Урланис-3] Urlanis, Boris (1960). Войны в период домонополистического капитализма [Wars during the period of pre-monopoly capitalism]. Войны и народонаселение Европы. Людские потери вооруженных сил европейских стран в войнах XVII—XX вв. (Историко-статистическое исследование) [Wars and population of Europe: Human losses of the armed forces of European countries in the wars of the 17th—20th centuries (Historical and statistical research)] (in Russian). Minsk: Sotsekgiz. pp. 104–105, 129 § 4.

[4] Scafes, Cornel, et al., Armata Romania in Razvoiul de Independenta 1877–1878 [The Romanian Army in the War of Independence 1877–1878]. Bucuresti, Editura Sigma, 2002, p. 149 (Romence)

[scepsis.net-5] Boris Urlanis, Войны и народонаселение Европы [Wars and population of Europe], Part II, Chapter II

[Мерников_Спектор-6] Mernikov, A. G.; Spektor, A. A. (2005). Всемирная история войн [World History of Wars] (in Russian). Minsk, Belarus: Харвест. ISBN 985-13-2607-0.

Great Eastern Crisis information

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v t e Russo-Ottoman wars
1568–70 1676–81 1686–1700 1710–11 1735–39 1768–74 1787–92 1806–12 1828–29 1853–56 1877–78 1914–1918 1916–1917
Turco-Mongol raids

Events leading to World War I

Unification of Germany 1866–1871 Franco-Prussian War 1870–1871 Second Concert of Europe 1871 Great Eastern Crisis 1875–1878 Campaign in Bosnia 1878 Dual Alliance 1879 Boer Wars 1880–1902 Austro–Serbian Alliance 1881–1903 Triple Alliance 1882 Berlin Conference 1884 Bulgarian Crisis 1885–1888 Reinsurance Treaty 1887–1890 Franco-Russian Alliance 1894 Anglo-German naval arms race 1898–1912 Fashoda incident 1898 Anglo-Japanese Alliance 1902 Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905 Entente Cordiale 1904 First Moroccan Crisis 1905–1906 Pig War 1906–1908 Anglo-Russian Convention 1907 Young Turk Revolution 1908 Bosnian Crisis 1908–1909 Racconigi Bargain 1909 Second Moroccan Crisis 1911 Italo-Turkish War 1911–1912 Balkan Wars 1912–1913 Assassination of Franz Ferdinand 1914 July Crisis 1914
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