European depiction of the Persian physician Rhazes, in Gerard of Cremona's Recueil des traités de médecine 1250–1260. Gerard de Cremona translated numerous works by Persian and Arab scholars.[1]
Gerard of Cremona (Latin: Gerardus Cremonensis; c. 1114 – 1187) was an Italian translator of scientific books from Arabic into Latin. He worked in Toledo, Kingdom of Castile and obtained the Arabic books in the libraries at Toledo. Some of the books had been originally written in Greek and, although well known in Byzantine Constantinople and Greece at the time, were unavailable in Greek or Latin in Western Europe. Gerard of Cremona is the most important translator among the Toledo School of Translators who invigorated Western medieval Europe in the twelfth century by transmitting the Arabs' and ancient Greeks' knowledge in astronomy, medicine and other sciences, by making the knowledge available in Latin. One of Gerard's most famous translations is of Ptolemy's Almagest from Arabic texts found in Toledo.[2]
Confusingly, there appear to have been two translators of Arabic text into Latin known as Gerard of Cremona. The first was active in the 12th century and concentrated on astronomy and other scientific works, while the second was active in the 13th century and concentrated on medical works.
^Inventions et decouvertes au Moyen-Age, Samuel Sadaune, p. 44.
^Kunitzsch, Paul (May 1986). "The Star Catalogue Commonly Appended to the Alfonsine Tables". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 17 (2): 89. doi:10.1177/002182868601700202. ISSN 0021-8286. Retrieved 11 April 2022. Gerard of Cremona's Latin translation made in Toledo about 1175 from the Arabic
GerardofCremona (Latin: Gerardus Cremonensis; c. 1114 – 1187) was an Italian translator of scientific books from Arabic into Latin. He worked in Toledo...
the left bank of the Po river in the middle of the Pianura Padana (Po Valley). It is the capital of the province ofCremona and the seat of the local city...
politically accessible to Latin scholars. A typical story is that ofGerardofCremona (c. 1114–87), who is said to have made his way to Toledo, well after...
unequal parts (para-sagittal). The term sagittal was coined by GerardofCremona. Examples of sagittal planes include: The terms median plane or mid-sagittal...
thought in his support; On the Heavens had been translated to Latin by GerardofCremona a few years before. He also considered that, as God was only one,...
for example in the Kitāb al-Sabʿīn ('The Book of Seventy'), translated into Latin by GerardofCremona (c. 1114–1187) under the title Liber de septuaginta...
Italian scholar GerardofCremona from the Arabic (finished in 1175). Gerard translated the Arabic text while working at the Toledo School of Translators...
other skeletal muscle. The term diaphragm in anatomy, created by GerardofCremona, can refer to other flat structures such as the urogenital diaphragm...
amount of light in the environment. The term "pupil" was coined by GerardofCremona. In humans, the pupil is circular, but its shape varies between species;...
doctor. Contributing to the growth of European science was the major search by European scholars such as GerardofCremona for new learning. These scholars...
scholars produced many of the Latin translations of the 12th century. The most productive of these translators was GerardofCremona, (c. 1114–1187), who...
Jābir, such as in the Kitāb al-Sabʿīn ('The Book of Seventy'), translated into Latin by GerardofCremona (c. 1114–1187) under the title Liber de septuaginta...
of the Astronomy of Al-Battani GerardofCremona's translation of the Algebra of al-Khwārizmī Robert of Chester's 1145 translation of the tables of al-Khwārizmī...
translated as jiba and kojiba in Arabic and then misunderstood by GerardofCremona while translating an Arabic geometry text to Latin. He assumed that...
men called GerardofCremona, both translators of Arabic texts into Latin. Ostler states that it was the later of these, also known as Gerard de Sabloneta...
by GerardofCremona (1144–1187), described the heating of metals with various salts, which in the case of mercury resulted in the production of mercury(II)...
translations center of a scale and importance not matched in the history of western culture. GerardofCremona was the most productive of the Toledo translators...
needed] GerardofCremona, in translating Arabic to Latin around 1170, spelled it tarasacon. The English name, dandelion, is a corruption of the French...
of Ophthalmology and Simple and Compounded Ophthalmic Drugs. Avicenna wrote in his Canon "rescheth", which means "retiformis", and GerardofCremona translated...
"twelve"). Coined by GerardofCremona (d. 1187) in his Latin translation of "Canon Avicennae," "اثنا عشر" itself a loan-translation of Greek dodekadaktylon...
al-Razi and translated into Latin in the second half of the twelfth century by GerardofCremona, 1144–1187). Another important development was the discovery...
GerardofCremona, mistakenly translated Arabic mumiya as "the substance found in the land where bodies are buried with aloes by which the liquid of the...
Kanon der Medizin. Book II. Simples. Translation and commentary by GerardofCremona and Arnaldus de Villanova. Revision by Andrea Alpago (1450–1521)....
contributors like GerardofCremona and Adelard of Bath. Translations of the time included the Turba Philosophorum, and the works of Avicenna and Muhammad...
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