Global InformationGenocide of Indigenous peoples in Brazil information
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The genocide of indigenous peoples in Brazil began with the Portuguese colonization of the Americas, when Pedro Álvares Cabral made landfall in what is now the country of Brazil in 1500. This started the process that led to the depopulation of the indigenous peoples in Brazil, because of disease and violent treatment by Portuguese settlers, and their gradual replacement with colonists from Europe and enslaved peoples from Africa. This process has been described as a genocide, and continues into the modern era with the ongoing destruction of indigenous peoples of the Amazonian region.[1][2]
Over eighty indigenous tribes were destroyed between 1900 and 1957, and the overall indigenous population declined by over eighty percent, from over one million to around two hundred thousand.[3] The 1988 Brazilian Constitution recognises indigenous peoples' right to pursue their traditional ways of life and to the permanent and exclusive possession of their "traditional lands", which are demarcated as Indigenous Territories.[4] In practice, however, Brazil's indigenous people still face a number of external threats and challenges to their continued existence and cultural heritage.[5] The process of demarcation is slow—often involving protracted legal battles—and FUNAI do not have sufficient resources to enforce the legal protection on indigenous land.[6][5][7][8][9]
Since the 1980s there has been a boom in the exploitation of the Amazon Rainforest for mining, logging and cattle ranching, posing a severe threat to the region's indigenous population. Settlers illegally encroaching on indigenous land continue to destroy the environment necessary for indigenous peoples' traditional ways of life, provoke violent confrontations and spread disease.[5] Peoples such as the Akuntsu and Kanoê have been brought to the brink of extinction within the last three decades.[10][11] On 13 November 2012, the Articulation of Indigenous Peoples of Brazil (APIB) submitted to the United Nations a human rights document with complaints about new proposed laws in Brazil that would further undermine their rights if approved.[12]
Several non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have been formed due to the ongoing persecution of the indigenous peoples in Brazil, and international pressure has been brought to bear on the state after the release of the Figueiredo Report which documented massive human rights violations.[13]
The abuses have been described as genocide, ethnocide and cultural genocide.[14][15][16][17][18][19][20]
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Hinton 2002 p57was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Federal Constitution of Brazil. Chapter VII Article 231.
- ^ a b c "2008 Human Rights Report: Brazil". United States Department of State: Bureau for Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. 25 February 2009. Archived from the original on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ "Indigenous Lands > Introduction > About Lands". Povos Indígenas no Brasil. Instituo Socioambiental (ISA). Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ Borges, Beto; Combrisson, Gilles. "Indigenous Rights in Brazil: Stagnation to Political Impasse". South and Meso American Indian Rights Center. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ Schwartzman, Stephan; Valéria Araújo, Ana; Pankararú, Paulo (1996). "Brazil: The Legal Battle Over Indigenous Land Rights". NACLA Report on the Americas. 29 (5): 36–43. doi:10.1080/10714839.1996.11725759. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ "Brazilian Indians 'win land case'". BBC News. 11 December 2008. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ Instituto Socioambiental (ISA). "Introduction > Akuntsu". Povos Indígenas no Brasil. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ Instituto Socioambiental (ISA). "Introduction > Kanoê". Povos Indígenas no Brasil. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ "English version of human rights complaint document submitted to the United Nations by the National Indigenous Peoples Organization from Brazil (APIB)". Earth Peoples. 13 November 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
- ^ International, Survival. "'Lost' report exposes Brazilian Indian genocide". www.survivalinternational.org. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
- ^ Barbara, Vanessa (29 May 2017). "Opinion | The Genocide of Brazil's Indians (Published 2017)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
- ^ "Brazil Experts: A 'Genocide Is Underway' Against Uncontacted Tribes". EcoWatch. 8 October 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
- ^ "Brazilian president accused of inciting genocide of Indigenous people | CBC News". CBC. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
- ^ Demetrio, André; Kozicki, Katya; Demetrio, André; Kozicki, Katya (January 2019). "Transitional Injustice For Indigenous Peoples From Brazil". Revista Direito e Práxis. 10 (1): 129–169. doi:10.1590/2179-8966/2017/28186. ISSN 2179-8966.
- ^ Miotto, Tiago (20 July 2020). "A ameaça de genocídio que paira sobre os povos indígenas isolados no Brasil | Cimi" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 7 December 2020.
- ^ Nuevatribuna (7 February 2020). "Bolsonaro y su "plan genocida" contra los pueblos originarios". Nuevatribuna (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 December 2020.
- ^ "Amazonie. Au Brésil, un génocide en marche". Courrier international (in French). 6 November 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2020.