Genetypes information

Genetypes is a taxonomic concept proposed in 2010 to describe any genetic sequences from type specimens.^[1]^[2] This nomenclature integrates molecular systematics and terms used in biological taxonomy. This nomenclature is designed to label, or flag, genetic sequences that were sampled from type specimens. The nomenclature of genetypes proposes that genetic sequences from a holotype should be referred to as a “hologenetype” (from “holotype” and “genetype”), sequences from a topotype should be a “topogenetype”, and so forth. In addition, the genetic marker(s) used should be incorporated into the nomenclature (e.g. paragenetype ND2).

The genetypes nomenclatural system could be used to flag “gold standard” sequences that due to their direct link to type specimens will be more credible than standard sequences whose species identification may be problematic. Misidentifications plague many sequences on GenBank^{[citation needed]} and having some sequences that are linked to type specimens will help locate and manage misidentifications and to create positively identified "gold standard" sequences available for comparison. It is suggested that this nomenclature be used in publications and databases that display or discuss sequences from type specimens.^[3]^[2]

Examples of genetypes include:

Leptoderma macrophthalmum hologenetype mitogenome - AP011500 ^[4]
Milyeringa brooksi paragenetype COI - HM590595^[5]
Milyeringa brooksi paragenetype NDI - HM590607^[5]

The genetypes concept was superseded by the GenSeq concept, proposed in 2013 due to some confusion among researchers that genetypes were equivalent to name-bearing types.^[6]^{[clarification needed]}

^ Chakrabarty, Prosanta (2010). "Genetypes: a concept to help integrate molecular systematics and traditional taxonomy" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2632: 67–68. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2632.1.4.
^ ^a ^b Harrison, I. J.; Chakrabarty, P.; Freyhof, J.; Craig, J. F. (May 2011). "Correct nomenclature and recommendations for preserving and cataloguing voucher material and genetic sequences". Journal of Fish Biology. 78 (5): 1283–1290. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.02979.x. PMID 21539541.
^ "JFB Instruction to Authors". Journal of Fish Biology.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ Byrkjedal, Ingvar; Jan Yde Poulsen; John Galbraith (2011). "Leptoderma macrophthalmum n.sp., a new species of smooth-head (Otocephala: Alepocephalidae) from the Mid Atlantic Ridge" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2876: 49–56. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2876.1.5.
^ ^a ^b Chakrabarty, Prosanta (2010). "Status and phylogeny of Milyeringidae (Teleostei: Gobiiformes), with the description of a new blind cave-fish from Australia, Milyeringa brooksi, n. sp" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2557: 19–28. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2557.1.2.
^ Chakrabarty, Prosanta; Warren, Melanie; Page, Lawrence; Baldwin, Carole (2013). "GenSeq: An updated nomenclature and ranking for genetic sequences from type and non-type sources". ZooKeys (346): 29–41. doi:10.3897/zookeys.346.5753. PMC 3821064. PMID 24223486.

[Chakrabarty2010-1] Chakrabarty, Prosanta (2010). "Genetypes: a concept to help integrate molecular systematics and traditional taxonomy" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2632: 67–68. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2632.1.4.

[Harrisonetal2011-2] Harrison, I. J.; Chakrabarty, P.; Freyhof, J.; Craig, J. F. (May 2011). "Correct nomenclature and recommendations for preserving and cataloguing voucher material and genetic sequences". Journal of Fish Biology. 78 (5): 1283–1290. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.02979.x. PMID 21539541.

[3] "JFB Instruction to Authors". Journal of Fish Biology.^{[permanent dead link]}

[4] Byrkjedal, Ingvar; Jan Yde Poulsen; John Galbraith (2011). "Leptoderma macrophthalmum n.sp., a new species of smooth-head (Otocephala: Alepocephalidae) from the Mid Atlantic Ridge" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2876: 49–56. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2876.1.5.

[CHAKRABARTY2010b-5] Chakrabarty, Prosanta (2010). "Status and phylogeny of Milyeringidae (Teleostei: Gobiiformes), with the description of a new blind cave-fish from Australia, Milyeringa brooksi, n. sp" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2557: 19–28. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2557.1.2.

[Chakrabarty2013-6] Chakrabarty, Prosanta; Warren, Melanie; Page, Lawrence; Baldwin, Carole (2013). "GenSeq: An updated nomenclature and ranking for genetic sequences from type and non-type sources". ZooKeys (346): 29–41. doi:10.3897/zookeys.346.5753. PMC 3821064. PMID 24223486.

Genetypes information

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Genetypes

Chromosome 2

Type species

Holotype

Chromosome 11

Chromosome 21

X chromosome

Chromosome 17

Chromosome 8

Chromosome 22

Chromosome 1

Chromosome 15

Chromosome 6

Chromosome 7

Chromosome 16

Chromosome 9

Chromosome 4

Chromosome 19

Chromosome 13

Chromosome 18

Chromosome 12

Chromosome 3

Chromosome 10

Chromosome 20

Chromosome 5

Chromosome 14

Frilled shark

Geneshaft