The genetically modified mouse in which a gene affecting hair growth has been knocked out (left) shown next to a normal lab mouse
A genetically modified mouse or genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM)[1] is a mouse (Mus musculus) that has had its genome altered through the use of genetic engineering techniques. Genetically modified mice are commonly used for research or as animal models of human diseases and are also used for research on genes. Together with patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), GEMMs are the most common in vivo models in cancer research. Both approaches are considered complementary and may be used to recapitulate different aspects of disease.[2] GEMMs are also of great interest for drug development, as they facilitate target validation and the study of response, resistance, toxicity and pharmacodynamics.[3]
^Singh, M.; Murriel, C. L.; Johnson, L. (16 May 2012). "Genetically Engineered Mouse Models: Closing the Gap between Preclinical Data and Trial Outcomes". Cancer Research. 72 (11): 2695–2700. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-2786. PMID 22593194.
^Abate-Shen, C.; Pandolfi, P. P. (30 September 2013). "Effective Utilization and Appropriate Selection of Genetically Engineered Mouse Models for Translational Integration of Mouse and Human Trials". Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 2013 (11): 1006–1011. doi:10.1101/pdb.top078774. PMC 4382078. PMID 24173311.
^Sharpless, Norman E.; DePinho, Ronald A. (September 2006). "The mighty mouse: genetically engineered mouse models in cancer drug development". Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 5 (9): 741–754. doi:10.1038/nrd2110. ISSN 1474-1784. PMID 16915232. S2CID 7254415.
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