Global InformationGender differences in suicide information
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Gender differences in suicide rates have been shown to be significant. There are different rates of suicides and suicidal behavior between males and females (among both adults and adolescents).[2][3] While females more often have suicidal thoughts, males die by suicide more frequently.[2][4] This discrepancy is also known as the gender paradox in suicide.[2][3][5]
Globally, death by suicide occurred about 1.8 times more often among males than among females in 2008, and 1.7 times in 2015.[6][7][8] In the Western world, males die by suicide three to four times more often than do females.[6][9] This greater male frequency is increased in those over the age of 65.[10] Suicide attempts are between two and four times more frequent among females.[11][12][13] Researchers have partly attributed the difference between suicide and attempted suicide among the sexes to males using more lethal means to end their lives.[9][14][15] Other reasons, including disparities in the strength or genuineness of suicidal thoughts, have also been given.[2][16][17]
- ^ "Suicide rates, age standardized - Data by country". World Health Organization. 2015.
- ^ a b c d Bosson, Jennifer K.; Vandello, Joseph A.; Camille E., Buckner (2018). The Psychology of Sex and Gender. SAGE Publications. p. 403. ISBN 978-1-50-633133-1.
- ^ a b Miranda, Regina; Jeglic, Elizabeth L. (2022). Handbook of Youth Suicide Prevention: Integrating Research into Practice. Springer Nature. p. 32. ISBN 978-3-03-082465-5.
- ^ WHO (2002). "Self-directed violence" (PDF). www.who.int.
- ^ Korin, Maya Rom (2016). Health Promotion for Children and Adolescents. Springer. p. 127. ISBN 978-1-48-997711-3.
- ^ a b Värnik, P (March 2012). "Suicide in the world". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 9 (3): 760–71. doi:10.3390/ijerph9030760. PMC 3367275. PMID 22690161.
- ^ "Estimates for 2000–2012". WHO. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
- ^ "Age-standardized rates, male:female ratio". WHO. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
- ^ a b David Sue; Derald Wing Sue; Stanley Sue; Diane Sue (2012-01-01). Understanding abnormal behavior (Tenth ed., [student ed.] ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. p. 255. ISBN 978-1-111-83459-3.
- ^ Holzer, Dr Jacob; Kohn, Dr Robert; Ellison, Dr James; Recupero, Dr Patricia (2017). GERIATRIC FORENSIC PSYCHIATRY: Principles and Practice. Oxford University Press. p. 284. ISBN 978-0-19-937466-3.
- ^ Chang, B; Gitlin, D; Patel, R (September 2011). "The depressed patient and suicidal patient in the emergency department: evidence-based management and treatment strategies". Emergency Medicine Practice. 13 (9): 1–23, quiz 23–4. PMID 22164363.
- ^ Stern, Theodore A.; Fava, Maurizio; Wilens, Timothy E.; Rosenbaum, Jerrold F. (2015). Massachusetts General Hospital Comprehensive Clinical Psychiatry (2 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 589. ISBN 978-0-323-32899-9.
- ^ Krug, Etienne G. (2002). World Report on Violence and Health. World Health Organization. p. 191. ISBN 978-92-4-154561-7.
- ^ Updesh Kumar; Manas K Mandal (2010). Suicidal Behaviour: Assessment of People-At-Risk. SAGE Publications India. p. 139. ISBN 978-81-321-0499-5. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
- ^ Lee Ellis; Scott Hershberger; Evelyn Field; Scott Wersinger; Sergio Pellis; David Geary; Craig Palmer; Katherine Hoyenga; Amir Hetsroni; Kazmer Karadi (2013). Sex Differences: Summarizing More than a Century of Scientific Research. Psychology Press. p. 387. ISBN 978-1-136-87493-2. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
- ^ Cibis, Anna; Mergl, Roland; Bramesfeld, Anke; Althaus, David; Niklewski, Günter; Schmidtke, Armin; Hegerl, Ulrich (2012-01-01). "Preference of lethal methods is not the only cause for higher suicide rates in males". Journal of Affective Disorders. 136 (1): 9–16. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.08.032. ISSN 0165-0327. PMID 21937122.
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