Gastroparesis information

Gastroparesis
Gastroparesis
	Simple abdominal X-ray reveals a large amount of material in the stomach, suggesting severe gastric hypomotility
Pronunciation	(/,ɡæstroʊ,pəˈriːsɪs/) ;
Specialty	Gastroenterology
Symptoms	Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, feeling full after eating just a few bites
Complications	Malnutrition, fatigue, weight loss, vitamin deficiencies, intestinal obstruction due to bezoars, and small intestine bacterial overgrowth.
Causes	Damage to the vagus nerve, chemotherapy-induced neuropathy, and autonomic neuropathy.
Risk factors	Diabetes, abdominal or esophageal surgery, infection, certain medications that slow the rate of stomach emptying, scleroderma, nervous system diseases, and hypothyroidism.
Diagnostic method	Barium swallow X-ray, barium beefsteak meal, radioisotope gastric-emptying scan (GES), wireless motility capsule (WMC), serial X-ray after ingesting radiopaque markers (ROM), gastric manometry, esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), and a stable isotope breath test.
Treatment	Dietary modifications, medications to stimulate gastric emptying, medications to reduce vomiting, and gastric electrical stimulation.
Frequency	possibly up to 4%[citation needed]

Gastroparesis (gastro- from Ancient Greek γαστήρ – gaster, "stomach"; and -paresis, πάρεσις – "partial paralysis"), also called delayed gastric emptying is a medical disorder consisting of weak muscular contractions (peristalsis) of the stomach, resulting in food and liquid remaining in the stomach for a prolonged period of time. Stomach contents thus exit more slowly into the duodenum of the digestive tract. This can result in irregular absorption of nutrients, inadequate nutrition, and poor glycemic control.^[7]^[8] The opposite of this, where stomach contents exit quickly into the duodenum is called dumping syndrome.

Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, feeling full soon after beginning to eat (early satiety), abdominal bloating, and heartburn. The most common known mechanism is autonomic neuropathy of the nerve which innervates the stomach: the vagus nerve. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus is a major cause of this nerve damage; other causes include post-infectious and trauma to the vagus nerve.

Diagnosis is via one or more of the following: barium swallow X-ray, barium beefsteak meal, radioisotope gastric-emptying scan, gastric manometry, esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), and a stable isotope breath test. Complications include malnutrition, fatigue, weight loss, vitamin deficiencies, intestinal obstruction due to bezoars, and small intestine bacterial overgrowth. Patient nutritional state should be managed by oral dietary modification, or if oral intake is not adequate through a jejunostomy feeding tube.^[6]

Treatment includes dietary modifications, medications to stimulate gastric emptying, medications to reduce vomiting, and surgical approaches.^[5] Additionally, gastric electrical stimulation (GES; approved on a humanitarian device exemption) can be used as treatment.^[6] Overall survival in gastroparesis patients is significantly lower than survival in the general population.^[9] It is associated with poor outcomes.^[9]

^ "How to pronounce gastroparesis in English". dictionary.cambridge.org.
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference cancer was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference Thorn2010 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c Camilleri M, Kuo B, Nguyen L, Vaughn VM, Petrey J, Greer K, et al. (August 2022). "ACG Clinical Guideline: Gastroparesis". The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 117 (8): 1197–1220. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000001874. PMC 9373497. PMID 35926490.
^ . In: Simpson, Kathleen Rice, Creehan, Patricia A. eds. AWHONN's Perinatal Nursing. 4th Edition. 530 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106 USA:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014. Available from: Books@Ovid at [1]. Retrieved November 09, 2020.
^ Fuglsang J, Ovesen PG (2015). "Pregnancy and Delivery in a Woman with Type 1 Diabetes, Gastroparesis, and a Gastric Neurostimulator". Diabetes Care. 38 (5): e75. doi:10.2337/dc14-2959. PMID 25908160. S2CID 34451324.
^ ^a ^b Jung HK, Choung RS, Locke GR, Schleck CD, Zinsmeister AR, Szarka LA, et al. (April 2009). "The incidence, prevalence, and outcomes of patients with gastroparesis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 1996 to 2006". Gastroenterology. 136 (4). Elsevier BV: 1225–1233. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2008.12.047. PMC 2705939. PMID 19249393.

[1] "How to pronounce gastroparesis in English". dictionary.cambridge.org.

[:2-2] Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[cancer-3] Cite error: The named reference cancer was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[:3-4] Cite error: The named reference :3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Thorn2010-5] Cite error: The named reference Thorn2010 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[:4-6] Camilleri M, Kuo B, Nguyen L, Vaughn VM, Petrey J, Greer K, et al. (August 2022). "ACG Clinical Guideline: Gastroparesis". The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 117 (8): 1197–1220. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000001874. PMC 9373497. PMID 35926490.

[7] . In: Simpson, Kathleen Rice, Creehan, Patricia A. eds. AWHONN's Perinatal Nursing. 4th Edition. 530 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106 USA:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014. Available from: Books@Ovid at [1]. Retrieved November 09, 2020.

[8] Fuglsang J, Ovesen PG (2015). "Pregnancy and Delivery in a Woman with Type 1 Diabetes, Gastroparesis, and a Gastric Neurostimulator". Diabetes Care. 38 (5): e75. doi:10.2337/dc14-2959. PMID 25908160. S2CID 34451324.

[Jung_Choung_Locke_Schleck_2009-9] Jung HK, Choung RS, Locke GR, Schleck CD, Zinsmeister AR, Szarka LA, et al. (April 2009). "The incidence, prevalence, and outcomes of patients with gastroparesis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 1996 to 2006". Gastroenterology. 136 (4). Elsevier BV: 1225–1233. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2008.12.047. PMC 2705939. PMID 19249393.

Gastroparesis information

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Gastroparesis

Simple abdominal X-ray reveals a large amount of material in the stomach, suggesting severe gastric hypomotility
Pronunciation	(/,ɡæstroʊ,pəˈriːsɪs/)^[1]
Specialty	Gastroenterology
Symptoms	Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, feeling full after eating just a few bites
Complications	Malnutrition, fatigue, weight loss, vitamin deficiencies, intestinal obstruction due to bezoars, and small intestine bacterial overgrowth.
Causes	Damage to the vagus nerve,^[2] chemotherapy-induced neuropathy,^[3] and autonomic neuropathy.^[4]
Risk factors	Diabetes, abdominal or esophageal surgery, infection, certain medications that slow the rate of stomach emptying, scleroderma, nervous system diseases, and hypothyroidism.^[2]
Diagnostic method	Barium swallow X-ray, barium beefsteak meal, radioisotope gastric-emptying scan (GES), wireless motility capsule (WMC), serial X-ray after ingesting radiopaque markers (ROM), gastric manometry, esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), and a stable isotope breath test.
Treatment	Dietary modifications, medications to stimulate gastric emptying, medications to reduce vomiting,^[5] and gastric electrical stimulation.^[6]
Frequency	possibly up to 4%^{[citation needed]}