Global InformationOxycodone information
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| Pronunciation | /ɒksiˈkoʊdoʊn/ |
| Trade names | OxyContin, Endone, others |
| Other names | Eukodal, eucodal; dihydrohydroxycodeinone, 7,8-dihydro-14-hydroxycodeinone, 6-deoxy-7,8-dihydro-14-hydroxy-3-O-methyl-6-oxomorphine[1] |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a682132 |
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| Dependence liability | High[3] |
| Addiction liability | High[4] |
| Routes of administration | By mouth, sublingual, intramuscular, intravenous, intranasal, subcutaneous, transdermal, rectal, epidural[5] |
| Drug class | Opioid |
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| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | By mouth: 60–87%[7][8] |
| Protein binding | 45%[7] |
| Metabolism | Liver: mainly CYP3A, and, to a much lesser extent, CYP2D6 (~5%);[7] 95% metabolized (i.e., 5% excreted unchanged)[10] |
| Metabolites | • Noroxycodone (25%)[9][10] • Noroxymorphone (15%, free and conjugated)[9][10] • Oxymorphone (11%, conjugated)[9][10] • Others (e.g., minor metabolites)[10] |
| Onset of action | IR: 10–30 minutes[8][10] CR: 1 hour[11] |
| Elimination half-life | By mouth (IR): 2–3 hrs (same t1/2 for all ROAs)[10][8] By mouth (CR): 4.5 hrs[12] |
| Duration of action | By mouth (IR): 3–6 hrs[10] By mouth (CR): 10–12 hrs[13] |
| Excretion | Urine (83%)[7] |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.000.874 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C18H21NO4 |
| Molar mass | 315.369 g·mol−1 |
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| Melting point | 219 °C (426 °F) |
| Solubility in water | 166 (HCl) |
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Oxycodone, sold under various brand names such as Roxicodone and OxyContin (which is the extended release form), is a semi-synthetic opioid used medically for treatment of moderate to severe pain. It is highly addictive[14] and is a commonly abused drug.[15][16] It is usually taken by mouth, and is available in immediate-release and controlled-release formulations.[15] Onset of pain relief typically begins within fifteen minutes and lasts for up to six hours with the immediate-release formulation.[15] In the United Kingdom, it is available by injection.[17] Combination products are also available with paracetamol (acetaminophen), ibuprofen, naloxone, naltrexone, and aspirin.[15]
Common side effects include euphoria, constipation, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, drowsiness, dizziness, itching, dry mouth, and sweating.[15] Side effects may also include addiction and dependence, substance abuse, irritability, depression or mania, delirium, hallucinations, hypoventilation, gastroparesis, bradycardia, and hypotension.[15] Those allergic to codeine may also be allergic to oxycodone.[15] Use of oxycodone in early pregnancy appears relatively safe.[15] Opioid withdrawal may occur if rapidly stopped from withdrawal.[15] Oxycodone acts by activating the μ-opioid receptor.[18] When taken by mouth, it has roughly 1.5 times the effect of the equivalent amount of morphine.[19]
Oxycodone was originally produced from the opium poppy opiate alkaloid thebaine in 1916. It was first used medically in Germany in 1917.[20] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[21] It is available as a generic medication.[15] In 2021, it was the 59th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 11 million prescriptions.[22][23] A number of abuse-deterrent formulations are available, such as in combination with naloxone or naltrexone.[16][24]
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
MerckIndexwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Oxycodone Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 14 October 2019. Archived from the original on 19 June 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
- ^ Bonewit-West K, Hunt SA, Applegate E (2012). Today's Medical Assistant: Clinical and Administrative Procedures. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 571. ISBN 978-1-4557-0150-6. Archived from the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
- ^ Bonewit-West K, Hunt SA, Applegate E (2012). Today's Medical Assistant: Clinical and Administrative Procedures. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 571. ISBN 9781455701506. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Kalso2005was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- ^ a b c d "Roxicodone, OxyContin (oxycodone) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more". Medscape Reference. WebMD. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
- ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference
ElliottSmith2016was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b c "Roxicodone, OxyContin (oxycodone) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more". Medscape Reference. WebMD. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Cite error: The named reference
SmithPassik2008was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Yarbro CH, Wujcik D, Gobel BH (15 November 2010). Cancer Nursing: Principles and Practice. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 695–. ISBN 978-1-4496-1829-2.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
McPhersonPincus2016was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
sunshine1996was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Remillard D, Kaye AD, McAnally H (February 2019). "Oxycodone's Unparalleled Addictive Potential: Is it Time for a Moratorium?". Current Pain and Headache Reports. 23 (2): 15. doi:10.1007/s11916-019-0751-7. PMID 30820686. S2CID 73488265.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Oxycodone Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. AHFS. Archived from the original on 28 December 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
- ^ a b Pergolizzi JV, Taylor R, LeQuang JA, Raffa RB (2018). "Managing severe pain and abuse potential: the potential impact of a new abuse-deterrent formulation oxycodone/naltrexone extended-release product". Journal of Pain Research. 11: 301–311. doi:10.2147/JPR.S127602. PMC 5810535. PMID 29445297.
- ^ British national formulary : BNF 74 (74 ed.). British Medical Association. 2017. p. 442. ISBN 978-0-85711-298-9.
- ^ Talley NJ, Frankum B, Currow D (10 February 2015). Essentials of Internal Medicine 3e. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 491–. ISBN 978-0-7295-8081-6.
- ^ "Opioid Conversion / Equivalency Table". Stanford School of Medicine, Palliative Care. 20 April 2013. Archived from the original on 9 September 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
- ^ Kalso E (May 2005). "Oxycodone". Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 29 (5 Suppl): S47–S56. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2005.01.010. PMID 15907646.
- ^ World Health Organization (2021). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/345533. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.
- ^ "The Top 300 of 2021". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ^ "Oxycodone – Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ^ Dart RC, Iwanicki JL, Dasgupta N, Cicero TJ, Schnoll SH (2017). "Do abuse deterrent opioid formulations work?". Journal of Opioid Management. 13 (6): 365–378. doi:10.5055/jom.2017.0415. PMID 29308584.