Type of fungus with underground fruiting bodies resembling truffles
Melanogaster tuberiformis, a false truffle of the genus Melanogaster.
A false truffle or a hymenogastrale is any species of fungus that has underground fruiting bodies that produce basidiocarps resembling the true truffles of genus Tuber.[1][2] While rodents such as squirrels eat a wide variety of false truffle species, many are considered toxic (Scleroderma species) or otherwise unpalatable and only a few are sought after as food for humans.[3][4][5][6][7][8]
The rodents exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with the false truffle. The false truffle depends on the rodents to help spread its spores as it does not have the ability to eject the spores themselves. The rodents are attracted to a scent produced by the false truffle and ingest the spores. Spores survive the intestinal tract of the rodents and are excreted in the fecal matter ready to germinate.[9] During the evolutionary period of the false truffle it lost its mushroom cap shape and closed up to protect the spores from dryer or harsher conditions.[8] As a result it lost the ability to discharge its spores, hence the need for animal spore distribution.[9] It is thought that false truffles and truffles evolved to grow beneath the surface because of changing conditions on the surface.[10] Because fungus is sensitive to moisture and temperature, it makes sense that one strategy of survival would be to go underground where the moisture content is more stable.[10] The stipe also dramatically shortened because it no longer needed the length to help with spore dispersal; as a result, some species either lost the stipe or is still found inside the false truffles. Similar in appearance to true truffles, which are ascomycetes, false truffles are basidiomycetes. Different false truffle lineage can be traced to agarics, russulas, boletes, and chanterelles.[11]
All false truffles have a symbiotic mycorrhizal relationship with the trees and shrubs they coexist with: the trees give them sugars and they provide the trees with more water and nutrients. Whereas the interior of the true truffle is marbled and solid,[9] the interior of the false truffle is mostly not marbled like the true truffle, but instead most have a pulp-like interior.[12] Some species have a black-and-white appearance or a brown color; other species have a white interior.[12] The interior differs according to species. Although there are no known poisonous species of false truffle, many are unpalatable.
^"False_truffle | Define False_truffle at Dictionary.com". Princeton University. 2006. Archived from the original on 2012-10-25. Retrieved 2017-04-06.
^Bruns, Thomas D.; Robert Fogel; Thomas J. White; Jeffrey D. Palmer (1989). "Accelerated evolution of a false-truffle from a mushroom ancestor" (PDF). Nature. 339 (6220): 140–142. Bibcode:1989Natur.339..140B. doi:10.1038/339140a0. hdl:2027.42/62545. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 2716834. S2CID 4312286.
^Rodríguez, Antonio (2008). "Trufamania - false truffles". Retrieved 2017-04-06.
^"Frequently Asked Truffle Questions". North American Truffling Society. 2013-07-30. Retrieved 2017-04-06.
A falsetruffle or a hymenogastrale is any species of fungus that has underground fruiting bodies that produce basidiocarps resembling the true truffles...
A truffle is the fruiting body of a subterranean ascomycete fungus, one of the species of the genus Tuber. More than one hundred other genera of fungi...
A truffle hog is any domestic pig used for locating and extracting the fruit bodies of the fungi known as truffles from temperate forests in Europe and...
Truffle oil is a modern culinary ingredient used to impart the flavor and aroma of truffles to a dish. The ingredient is commonly used as a finishing...
both agaric and false-truffle shaped fruitbodies. Formerly, prior to molecular analyses, the family was restricted to the false-truffle genera. The mushroom...
mushrooms, while hypogeous (underground) basidiocarps are usually called falsetruffles. All basidiocarps serve as the structure on which the hymenium is produced...
septentrionale - and various false-truffles (hypogaeic gasteromycetes) related to different hymenomycete orders. Similarly, the true truffles (Tuberales) are gasteroid...
as such species—which include puffballs, earthstars, stinkhorns, and falsetruffles—are not closely related to each other. Because they are often studied...
in association with two-needle and three-needle pine hosts. They are falsetruffles with fruiting bodies that are yellow on the surface and pale yellow...
Rhizopogonaceae. Species form hypogeous sporocarps commonly referred to as "falsetruffles". The general morphological characters of Rhizopogon sporocarps are...
revised family, Hymenogastraceae that used to be restricted to secotioid, false-truffles. The phylogenetic study by Moncalvo, et al. confirmed that the agaric...
clavarioid fungi (clubs and corals) and gasteroid fungi (puffballs and falsetruffles) belong within the Agaricales. The order has 46 extant families, more...
Vidal, Josep Maria (2021-07-04). "Phylogenetic relationships among falsetruffle genera of Paxillaceae— Alpova, Melanogaster, Neoalpova , and Paralpova...
including the Sclerodermataceae (earthballs) and the Rhizopogonaceae (falsetruffles). Phylogenetic analyses shows the Sclerodermataceae, Boletinellaceae...
Boletaceae. The genus contains about 20 species of ectomycorrhizal false-truffles that collectively have a widespread distribution, especially in northern...
form a clade that is sister (sharing a recent common ancestor) to the falsetruffle genus Gautieria, the most derived group within the studied taxa. The...
bodies from a single mycelium. truffle The edible, subterranean fruit (ascoma) of Tubers. Sometimes extended to "falsetruffles" as well such as Pezizales...
in markets; those that are more difficult to obtain (such as the prized truffle, matsutake, and morel) may be collected on a smaller scale and are sometimes...
the following organisms: Genera: Melanogaster (fungus), a genus of falsetruffles Melanogaster (fly), a genus of hoverflies Species: Drosophila melanogaster...
(2019-06-01). "Predicted potential occurrence of the North American falsetruffle Rhizopogon salebrosus in Europe". Fungal Ecology. 39: 225–230. doi:10...
Hydnangium is a genus of truffle-like fungi in the family Hydnangiaceae. All species in this genus are known to form ectomycorrhizal associations with...
have typical mushroom morphology, with caps and stems. Others form falsetruffles. It also includes a single corticioid genus; Byssoporia. List of Basidiomycota...
M. (1997). "Phylogenetic relationships among ascomycetous truffles and the true and false morels inferred from 18S and 28S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis"...
Media, LLC. Retrieved 1 March 2021. Tangcay, Jazz (2 February 2021). "'Truffle Hunters,' 'Time' and 'Dick Johnson Is Dead' Among Producers Guild Doc Nominations"...
family within the Melanogastrales, a now obsolete order of terrestrial falsetruffles. DNA sequencing has since shown that the species is actually related...
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