In physics, extra dimensions are proposed additional space or time dimensions beyond the (3 + 1) typical of observed spacetime, such as the first attempts based on the Kaluza–Klein theory. Among theories proposing extra dimensions are:[1]
Large extra dimension, mostly motivated by the ADD model, by Nima Arkani-Hamed, Savas Dimopoulos, and Gia Dvali in 1998, in an attempt to solve the hierarchy problem. This theory requires that the fields of the Standard Model are confined to a four-dimensional membrane, while gravity propagates in several additional spatial dimensions that are large compared to the Planck scale.[2]
Warped extra dimensions, such as those proposed by the Randall–Sundrum model (RS), based on warped geometry where the universe is a five-dimensional anti-de Sitter space and the elementary particles except for the graviton are localized on a (3 + 1)-dimensional brane or branes.[3]
Universal extra dimension, proposed and first studied in 2000, assume, at variance with the ADD and RS approaches, that all fields propagate universally in extra dimensions.
Multiple time dimensions, i.e. the possibility that there might be more than one dimension of time, has occasionally been discussed in physics and philosophy, although those models have to deal with the problem of causality.
^Rizzo, Thomas G. (2004). "Pedagogical Introduction to Extra Dimensions". SLAC Summer Institute. arXiv:hep-ph/0409309. Bibcode:2004hep.ph....9309R.
^For a pedagogical introduction, see M. Shifman (2009). Large Extra Dimensions: Becoming acquainted with an alternative paradigm. Crossing the boundaries: Gauge dynamics at strong coupling. Singapore: World Scientific. arXiv:0907.3074. Bibcode:2010IJMPA..25..199S. doi:10.1142/S0217751X10048548.
^Randall, Lisa; Sundrum, Raman (1999). "Large Mass Hierarchy from a Small Extra Dimension". Physical Review Letters. 83 (17): 3370–3373. arXiv:hep-ph/9905221. Bibcode:1999PhRvL..83.3370R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.3370.
In physics, extradimensions are proposed additional space or time dimensions beyond the (3 + 1) typical of observed spacetime, such as the first attempts...
theory (M-theory), the ADD model, also known as the model with large extradimensions (LED), is a model framework that attempts to solve the hierarchy problem...
models with universal extradimensions include one or more spatial dimensions beyond the three spatial and one temporal dimensions that are observed. Models...
extradimensions produces a model with the right properties to describe nature. In a viable model of particle physics, the compact extradimensions must...
characterized by the way dimensions 1 and 2 are relatively elementary, the high-dimensional cases n > 4 are simplified by having extra space in which to "work";...
these extradimensions are the same size as the normal 3+1 dimensions. Let us say that the extradimensions are of size n ≪ than normal dimensions. If we...
besides gravity would be restricted. If the extradimensions are compactified, then the extra 6 dimensions must be in the form of a Calabi–Yau manifold...
the lower limit on the mass of a black hole. In a model with large extradimensions (10 or 11), the values of Planck constants can be radically different...
doi:10.1098/rspa.2009.0097. ISSN 1364-5021. Terning, J; Bars, I (2009). ExtraDimensions in Space and Time. New York: Springer. doi:10.1515/9783110697827. ISBN 9780387776385...
known as "hyperspace"). If the additional dimensions are compact, then the observed universe contains the extra dimension, and then no reference to the...
a much recent interest, as a theory of supersymmetric large extradimensions — dimensions with size slightly less than a millimeter — has prompted an...
an extension of the Standard Model and Poincaré symmetry? Are there extradimensions, as predicted by various models based on string theory, and can we...
thesis titled "Schwarze Löcher in Extra-Dimensionen: Eigenschaften und Nachweis" (lit. 'Black Holes in ExtraDimensions: Properties and Proof').. That same...
with decreasing distance than in three dimensions. With certain special configurations of the extradimensions, this effect can lower the Planck scale...
theory in that it is formulated in 3 and 4 dimensions and without supersymmetry or Kaluza–Klein extradimensions, while the latter requires both to be true...
topological space compact Compactification (physics), the "curling up" of extradimensions in string theory Compaction (disambiguation) This disambiguation page...
string/M-theory is that seven extradimensions are required for the theory's consistency, on top of the four dimensions in our universe. In this regard...
with extradimensions when the volume of the compactified dimensions varies. It appears as a radion in Kaluza–Klein theory's compactifications of extra dimensions...
entirely novel explanations, such as string theory, M-theory, and extradimensions. As these theories tend to reproduce the entirety of current phenomena...
building more exotic models that incorporate hypothetical particles, extradimensions, and elaborate symmetries (such as supersymmetry) to explain experimental...
lifetimes well beyond the GUT scale decay range above, as well as extradimensions in supersymmetry. There are theoretical methods of baryon violation...
newspaper Le Parisien on June 7. He said that UFOs could be coming from extradimensions; that he had spoken with intelligence officials whom the U.S. military...
Hidden Reality. Alfred A. Knopf. Bars, Itzhak; Terning, John (2009). ExtraDimensions in Space and Time. Springer. pp. 27–. ISBN 978-0-387-77637-8. Retrieved...
field represent variations in the size of the extra dimension. Also, in models with multiple extradimensions, there exist several such particles. Moreover...
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