In physics, there are four observed fundamental interactions (also known as fundamental forces) that form the basis of all known interactions in nature: gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear forces. Some speculative theories have proposed a fifth force to explain various anomalous observations that do not fit existing theories. The characteristics of this fifth force depend on the hypothesis being advanced. Many postulate a force roughly the strength of gravity (i.e., it is much weaker than electromagnetism or the nuclear forces) with a range of anywhere from less than a millimeter to cosmological scales. Another proposal is a new weak force mediated by W′ and Z′ bosons.
The search for a fifth force has increased in recent decades due to two discoveries in cosmology which are not explained by current theories. It has been discovered that most of the mass of the universe is accounted for by an unknown form of matter called dark matter. Most physicists believe that dark matter consists of undiscovered subatomic particles[1] that are difficult to detect, but some believe that it could be related to an unknown fundamental force. Second, it has also recently been discovered that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, which has been attributed to a form of energy called dark energy. Some physicists speculate that a form of dark energy called quintessence could be a fifth force.[2][3]
^Chown, Marcus (17 August 2011). "Really dark matter: Is the universe made of holes?". New Scientist. Pretty much everyone thinks that this so-called dark matter is made of hitherto undiscovered subatomic particles.
^Wetterich, C. "Quintessence – a fifth force from variation of the fundamental scale" (PDF). Heidelberg University.
^Cicoli, Michele; Pedro, Francisco G.; Tasinato, Gianmassimo (2012). "Natural quintessence in string theory". Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. 2012 (7): 044. arXiv:1203.6655. Bibcode:2012JCAP...07..044C. doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2012/07/044. S2CID 118461474.
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