The interplay of exercise and music has long been discussed, crossing the disciplines of biomechanics, neurology, physiology, and sport psychology. Research and experimentation on the relation between music and exercise dates back to the early 1900s, when investigator Leonard Ayres found that cyclists pedaled faster in the presence of a band and music, as opposed to when it was silent. Since then, hundreds of studies have been conducted on both the physiological and psychological relationship between music and physical activity, with a number of clear cut relationships and trends emerging. Exercise and music involves the use of music before, during, and/or after performing a physical activity. Listening to music while exercising is done to improve aspects of exercise, such as strength output, exercise duration, and motivation.[1][2][3] The use of music during exercise can provide physiological benefits as well as psychological benefits.[4]
Separately, both exercise and music as individual factors have been proven to increase mood, decrease depression and depression like symptoms, and overall lead to better mental health . Numerous studies have shown listening to preferable music increased mood behavior, and stimulates blood flow to various regions of the brain.[5] Working out is very similar, as it releases a variety of hormones that stimulate growth, memory formation, and it has been shown to increase cognition and longevity.[6] A meta analysis of over 139 studies regarding music and exercise was performed in 2020 and found music coupled with physical exercise leads to enhanced physical performance, reduced perceived exertion, and improved physiological efficiency.[4]
^Barney, David; Gust, Anita; Liguori, Gary (2012). "College Students' Usage of Personal Music Players (PMP) during Exercise". ICHPER-SD Journal of Research. 7 (1): 23–26. ISSN 1930-4595.
^Laukka, Petric, and Lina Quick. "Emotional and Motivational Uses of Music in Sports and Exercise: A Questionnaire Study among Athletes." Psychology of Music 41 (2011): 198-215. Print.
^Karow, Morgan C.; Rogers, Rebecca R.; Pederson, Joseph A.; Williams, Tyler D.; Marshall, Mallory R.; Ballmann, Christopher G. (October 2020). "Effects of Preferred and Nonpreferred Warm-Up Music on Exercise Performance". Perceptual and Motor Skills. 127 (5): 912–924. doi:10.1177/0031512520928244. ISSN 0031-5125. PMID 32493179. S2CID 219315986.
^ abTerry, Peter C.; Karageorghis, Costas I.; Curran, Michelle L.; Martin, Olwenn V.; Parsons-Smith, Renée L. (February 2020). "Effects of music in exercise and sport: A meta-analytic review". Psychological Bulletin. 146 (2): 91–117. doi:10.1037/bul0000216. ISSN 1939-1455. PMID 31804098. S2CID 208645971.
^Schäfer, Thomas; Sedlmeier, Peter; Städtler, Christine; Huron, David (2013-08-13). "The psychological functions of music listening". Frontiers in Psychology. 4: 511. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00511. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 3741536. PMID 23964257.
^Mandolesi, Laura; Polverino, Arianna; Montuori, Simone; Foti, Francesca; Ferraioli, Giampaolo; Sorrentino, Pierpaolo; Sorrentino, Giuseppe (2018-04-27). "Effects of Physical Exercise on Cognitive Functioning and Wellbeing: Biological and Psychological Benefits". Frontiers in Psychology. 9: 509. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00509. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 5934999. PMID 29755380.
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