Equilibrium Thermodynamics is the systematic study of transformations of matter and energy in systems in terms of a concept called thermodynamic equilibrium. The word equilibrium implies a state of balance. Equilibrium thermodynamics, in origins, derives from analysis of the Carnot cycle. Here, typically a system, as cylinder of gas, initially in its own state of internal thermodynamic equilibrium, is set out of balance via heat input from a combustion reaction. Then, through a series of steps, as the system settles into its final equilibrium state, work is extracted.
In an equilibrium state the potentials, or driving forces, within the system, are in exact balance. A central aim in equilibrium thermodynamics is: given a system in a well-defined initial state of thermodynamic equilibrium, subject to accurately specified constraints, to calculate, when the constraints are changed by an externally imposed intervention, what the state of the system will be once it has reached a new equilibrium. An equilibrium state is mathematically ascertained by seeking the extrema of a thermodynamic potential function, whose nature depends on the constraints imposed on the system. For example, a chemical reaction at constant temperature and pressure will reach equilibrium at a minimum of its components' Gibbs free energy and a maximum of their entropy.
Equilibrium thermodynamics differs from non-equilibrium thermodynamics, in that, with the latter, the state of the system under investigation will typically not be uniform but will vary locally in those as energy, entropy, and temperature distributions as gradients are imposed by dissipative thermodynamic fluxes. In equilibrium thermodynamics, by contrast, the state of the system will be considered uniform throughout, defined macroscopically by such quantities as temperature, pressure, or volume. Systems are studied in terms of change from one equilibrium state to another; such a change is called a thermodynamic process.
Ruppeiner geometry is a type of information geometry used to study thermodynamics. It claims that thermodynamic systems can be represented by Riemannian geometry, and that statistical properties can be derived from the model. This geometrical model is based on the idea that there exist equilibrium states which can be represented by points on two-dimensional surface and the distance between these equilibrium states is related to the fluctuation between them.
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EquilibriumThermodynamics is the systematic study of transformations of matter and energy in systems in terms of a concept called thermodynamic equilibrium...
of thermodynamics defines thermal equilibrium and forms a basis for the definition of temperature: If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with...
up thermodynamic equilibrium in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Thermodynamic equilibrium is an axiomatic concept of thermodynamics. It is an internal...
The second law of thermodynamics is a physical law based on universal empirical observation concerning heat and energy interconversions. A simple statement...
important for the mathematical formulation of thermodynamics. It makes the relation of thermal equilibrium between systems an equivalence relation, which...
non-equilibrium thermodynamic systems is a field theory, more complicated than the theory of equilibriumthermodynamics. Non-equilibriumthermodynamics is...
non-equilibriumthermodynamics". ISRN Thermodynamics. 2013 (ID 906136): 9. doi:10.1155/2013/906136. Pokrovskii, Vladimir (2020). Thermodynamics of Complex...
being the paper On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances. In these papers, Gibbs showed how the first two laws of thermodynamics could be measured graphically...
Thermal equilibrium obeys the zeroth law of thermodynamics. A system is said to be in thermal equilibrium with itself if the temperature within the system...
thermodynamic equilibrium. This is also a matter for study in non-equilibriumthermodynamics. For the axiomatic treatment of thermodynamic equilibrium, since...
evolve toward thermodynamic equilibrium, where the entropy is highest. A consequence of the second law of thermodynamics is that certain processes are...
consistent with thermodynamics. First the invariant ρ S ( ∞ ) {\displaystyle \rho _{\rm {S}}(\infty )} should become an equilibrium Gibbs state. This...
In thermodynamics, heat is the thermal energy transferred between systems due to a temperature difference. In colloquial use, heat sometimes refers to...
temperature. For equilibriumthermodynamics, in a thermodynamic state of a system, its contents are in internal thermodynamic equilibrium, with zero flows...
c. 1880s Equilibriumthermodynamics Engineering thermodynamics Chemical engineering thermodynamics – c. 1940s Non-equilibriumthermodynamics – 1941 Small...
classical thermodynamics is primarily concerned with thermodynamic equilibrium, statistical mechanics has been applied in non-equilibrium statistical...
In thermodynamics, the Onsager reciprocal relations express the equality of certain ratios between flows and forces in thermodynamic systems out of equilibrium...
including convective-equilibrium climate models. The atmosphere is an example of a non-equilibrium system. Atmospheric thermodynamics describes the effect...
studied in "non-equilibrium" thermodynamics, as the starting distribution is not in equilibrium, unlike the final distribution. The equilibrium distribution...
In thermodynamics, dissipation is the result of an irreversible process that affects a thermodynamic system. In a dissipative process, energy (internal...
thermodynamic equilibrium. Non-equilibriumthermodynamics, however, considers processes in which the states of the system are close to thermodynamic equilibrium, and...
In the history of thermodynamics, "On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances" is a 300-page paper written by American chemical physicist Willard...
thermodynamic equilibrium (i.e., maximum entropy) will increase or decrease over a given amount of time. While the second law of thermodynamics predicts that...
Stochastic thermodynamics is an emergent field of research in statistical mechanics that uses stochastic variables to better understand the non-equilibrium dynamics...
In physics, maximum entropy thermodynamics (colloquially, MaxEnt thermodynamics) views equilibriumthermodynamics and statistical mechanics as inference...
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