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Overview of the interdisciplinarity of environmental toxicologyCategories of organisms commonly used for assessing environmental toxicity
Environmental toxicology is a multidisciplinary field of science concerned with the study of the harmful effects of various chemical, biological and physical agents on living organisms.[1][2] Ecotoxicology is a subdiscipline of environmental toxicology concerned with studying the harmful effects of toxicants at the population and ecosystem levels.
Rachel Carson is considered the mother of environmental toxicology, as she made it a distinct field within toxicology in 1962 with the publication of her book Silent Spring, which covered the effects of uncontrolled pesticide use. Carson's book was based extensively on a series of reports by Lucille Farrier Stickel on the ecological effects of the pesticide DDT.[3]
Organisms can be exposed to various kinds of toxicants at any life cycle stage, some of which are more sensitive than others. Toxicity can also vary with the organism's placement within its food web. Bioaccumulation occurs when an organism stores toxicants in fatty tissues, which may eventually establish a trophic cascade and the biomagnification of specific toxicants. Biodegradation releases carbon dioxide and water as by-products into the environment. This process is typically limited in areas affected by environmental toxicants.
Harmful effects of such chemical and biological agents as toxicants from pollutants, insecticides, pesticides, and fertilizers can affect an organism and its community by reducing its species diversity and abundance. Such changes in population dynamics affect the ecosystem by reducing its productivity and stability.
Although legislation implemented since the early 1970s had intended to minimize harmful effects of environmental toxicants upon all species, McCarty (2013[4]) has warned that "longstanding limitations in the implementation of the simple conceptual model that is the basis of current aquatic toxicity testing protocols" may lead to an impending environmental toxicology "dark age".
^"About the MET Program". Department of Biological Sciences - Simon Fraser University.
^"Welcome to the Graduate Program in Environmental Toxicology". South Carolina: Clemson University.
^"Lucille Farrier Stickel: Research Pioneer". National Wildlife Refuge System. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. March 7, 2014. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
^McCarty LS (December 2013). "Are we in the dark ages of environmental toxicology?". Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 67 (3): 321–4. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.09.005. PMID 24055990.
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oil: Toxic potential and the toxicity of saturated mixtures". EnvironmentalToxicology and Chemistry. 26 (1): 24–36. doi:10.1897/06174r.1. ISSN 1552-8618...
and report on toxicology within public agencies. The National Toxicology Program is headquartered at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences...
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Idaho, and the University of California at Davis. Institute for EnvironmentalToxicology, Michigan State University. Acephate General Fact Sheet - National...
atrazine and alachlor in redox-treated ferruginous smectite". EnvironmentalToxicology and Chemistry. 20 (12): 2717–2724. doi:10.1002/etc.5620201210....
Fishes. Society of EnvironmentalToxicology & Chemist. pp. 3–8. ISBN 978-1-880611-19-7. "Statement from the work session on environmental endocrine-disrupting...
effluents are discharged. Rand G (1995). Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology: Effects, Environmental Fate, and Risk Assessment. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 1-56032-091-5...
p-glycoprotein and cytochrome p-450 in male rats". Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 71 (21): 1415–1429. Bibcode:2008JTEHA..71.1415A...
Agricultural Regions of California, USA, 2010–2011". Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 88 (3): 316–321. doi:10.1007/s00128-011-0515-5. PMID 22228315...
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