Chemical reaction between ethylene oxide and substrate
This article is about the industrial scale process. For the attachment of polyethylene glycol to pharmaceuticals, see PEGylation.
In organic chemistry, ethoxylation is a chemical reaction in which ethylene oxide (C2H4O) adds to a substrate. It is the most widely practiced alkoxylation, which involves the addition of epoxides to substrates.
In the usual application, alcohols and phenols are converted into R(OC2H4)nOH, where n ranges from 1 to 10. Such compounds are called alcohol ethoxylates. Alcohol ethoxylates are often converted to related species called ethoxysulfates. Alcohol ethoxylates and ethoxysulfates are surfactants, used widely in cosmetic and other commercial products.[1] The process is of great industrial significance, with more than 2,000,000 metric tons of various ethoxylates produced worldwide in 1994.[2]
^Smulders, E.; von Rybinski, W.; Sung, E.; Rähse, W.; Steber, J.; Wiebel, F.; Nordskog, A. (2011). "Laundry Detergents, 1. Introduction". In Elvers, Barbara; et al. (eds.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim, GER: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a08_315.pub3. ISBN 978-3527306732.
^Arno Cahn (30 January 1994). Proceedings of the 3rd World Conference on Detergents: Global Perspectives. The American Oil Chemists Society. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-935315-52-3.
In organic chemistry, ethoxylation is a chemical reaction in which ethylene oxide (C2H4O) adds to a substrate. It is the most widely practiced alkoxylation...
Kotilen-20) is a polysorbate-type nonionic surfactant formed by the ethoxylation of sorbitan monolaurate. Its stability and relative nontoxicity allows...
glycol hexadecyl ether, which is nonionic surfactant produced by the ethoxylation of cetyl alcohol to give a material with the general formula HO(C2H4O)nC16H33...
sulfate is the most common one in commercial products. SLES is prepared by ethoxylation of dodecyl alcohol, which is produced industrially from palm kernel oil...
skin tone and also taken orally as a nootropic. It is prepared by the ethoxylation of dimethylamine. Dimethylaminoethanol is used as a curing agent for...
key raw material in the production of surfactants and detergents by ethoxylation. Ethylene oxide is also hydrolyzed to produce ethylene glycol, widely...
veins, hemangiomas, and vascular malformations. It is formed by the ethoxylation of dodecanol. Polidocanol is also used as a sclerosant, an irritant injected...
polyethylene oxide. The reaction of an alcohol or a phenol with ethylene oxide, ethoxylation, is widely used to produce surfactants: ROH + n C2H4O → R(OC2H4)nOH With...
spectator ion) More complex alkylation of a alcohols and phenols involve ethoxylation. Ethylene oxide is the alkylating group in this reaction. In the process...
polyether compound derived from trimethylolpropane. TPEG is produced by ethoxylation of trimethylolpropane. TPEG is used in the production of polyurethane...
glycol monododecyl ether (C12E8) is a nonionic surfactant formed by the ethoxylation of dodecanol (lauryl alcohol) to give a material with 8 repeat units...
monododecyl ether (C12E5) is a nonionic surfactant. It is formed by the ethoxylation chemical reaction of dodecanol (lauryl alcohol) to give a material with...
methylenedioxyethylamphetamine which is also abbreviated MDEA. MDEA is produced by ethoxylation of methylamine using ethylene oxide: CH3NH2 + 2 C2H4O → CH3N(C2H4OH)2...
oil. With an average ethoxylation value of 80, it is known as jojoba wax PEG-80 esters or PEG-80 jojoba. With an average ethoxylation value of 120, it is...
epoxide to another compound. The usual manifestation of this reaction is ethoxylation of alcohols (ROH), in which case ethylene oxide is the alkoxylating agent:...
give the alkylphenols, e.g., nonylphenol, which are then subjected to ethoxylation. Phenol is also a versatile precursor to a large collection of drugs...
With alcohols, reactions, called hydroxylpropylation, analogous to ethoxylation occur. Grignard reagents add to propylene oxide to give secondary alcohols...
which barium oxide does not alter. Barium oxide also has use as an ethoxylation catalyst in the reaction of ethylene oxide and alcohols, which takes...
fatty alcohol portion of the hydrophobic tail. It is manufactured by ethoxylation (hence the "eth" in "myreth") of myristyl alcohol. Subsequently, the...
January 2020 in an industrial estate near Tarragona, an explosion of an ethoxylation reactor owned by the chemical company Industrias Quimicas de Oxido de...
has 4 functional acrylate groups it confers high cross-link density. Ethoxylation maybe used to produce ethoxylated versions which find use in electron...
acquaintance with the Petrolite company's commercial demulsifiers, made by ethoxylation of the still ambiguous products from p-alkylphenols and formaldehyde...
subsidiary of the Musim Mas Group, Maschem B.V., has established an advanced Ethoxylation Facility at the Dow Benelux B.V. site in Terneuzen. This facility specializes...
glycol units is a related used surfactant. Nonoxynols are produced by ethoxylation of alkylphenols and vary in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl)...
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