1977 international treaty on environmental modification
Environmental Modification (ENMOD) Convention
Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques
Participation in the Environmental Modification Convention
Parties
Only signed
Non-signatory
Drafted
10 December 1976
Signed
18 May 1977
Location
Geneva, Switzerland
Effective
5 October 1978
Condition
Ratification by 20 states
Signatories
48
Parties
78[1] (complete list)
Depositary
Secretary-General of the United Nations
Languages
English, Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian, and Spanish
Full text
Environmental Modification Convention at Wikisource
The Environmental Modification Convention (ENMOD), formally the Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques, is an international treaty prohibiting the military or other hostile use of environmental modification techniques having widespread, long-lasting or severe effects. It opened for signature on 18 May 1977 in Geneva and entered into force on 5 October 1978.
The Convention bans weather warfare, which is the use of weather modification techniques for the purposes of inducing damage or destruction. The Convention on Biological Diversity of 2010 would also ban some forms of weather modification or geoengineering.[2]
Many states do not regard this as a complete ban on the use of herbicides in warfare, such as Agent Orange, but it does require case-by-case consideration.[3]
^"Convention on the prohibition of military or any other hostile use of environmental modification techniques". United Nations. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
^Unit, Biosafety (16 February 2015). "Welcome to COP 10". cbd.int.
^"Practice Relating to Rule 76. Herbicides". International Committee of the Red Cross. 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
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Environmental Modification Convention at Wikisource