Chemical reaction which requires more energy to initiate than it produces
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An endergonic reaction (such as photosynthesis) is a reaction that requires energy to be driven. Endergonic means "absorbing energy in the form of work." The activation energy for the reaction is typically larger than the overall energy of the exergonic reaction (1). Endergonic reactions are nonspontaneous. The progress of the reaction is shown by the line. The change of Gibbs free energy (ΔG) during an endergonic reaction is a positive value because energy is gained (2).
In chemical thermodynamics, an endergonic reaction (from Greek ἔνδον (endon) 'within', and ἔργον (ergon) 'work'; also called a heat absorbing nonspontaneous reaction or an unfavorable reaction) is a chemical reaction in which the standard change in free energy is positive, and an additional driving force is needed to perform this reaction. In layman's terms, the total amount of useful energy is negative (it takes more energy to start the reaction than what is received out of it) so the total energy is a net negative result, as opposed to a net positive result in an exergonic reaction. Another way to phrase this is that useful energy must be absorbed from the surroundings into the workable system for the reaction to happen.
Under constant temperature and constant pressure conditions, this means that the change in the standard Gibbs free energy would be positive,
for the reaction at standard state (i.e. at standard pressure (1 bar), and standard concentrations (1 molar) of all the reagents).
In metabolism, an endergonic process is anabolic, meaning that energy is stored; in many such anabolic processes, energy is supplied by coupling the reaction to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and consequently resulting in a high energy, negatively charged organic phosphate and positive adenosine diphosphate.
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thermodynamics, an endergonicreaction (from Greek ἔνδον (endon) 'within', and ἔργον (ergon) 'work'; also called a heat absorbing nonspontaneous reaction or an unfavorable...
For exergonic and endergonicreactions, see the separate articles: Endergonicreaction Exergonic reaction Exergonic process Endergonic Exothermic process...
surroundings. This is in contrast with an endergonic process. Constant pressure, constant temperature reactions are exergonic if and only if the Gibbs free...
associated with the exchange of heat. Endergonicreaction IUPAC Gold Book definition: exergonic reaction (exoergic reaction) Hamori, Eugene; James E. Muldrey...
bonds than the reactants. Thus, endergonicreactions are thermodynamically unfavorable. Additionally, endergonicreactions are usually anabolic. The free...
the system to the surroundings (i.e. an exothermic process). Endergonicreactionreactions which are not spontaneous at standard temperature, pressure...
energy of an anabolic pathway and allowing the reaction to take place.: 25 Otherwise, an endergonicreaction is non-spontaneous. An anabolic pathway is a...
the reaction requires a stoichiometric amount of base as the removal of the doubly α-proton thermodynamically drives the otherwise endergonicreaction. That...
concepts of exothermic and endothermic reactions are generalized to exergonic reactions and endergonicreactions. Thermochemistry rests on two generalizations...
an inherently endergonicreaction, such as the elimination of cyclohexanol to cyclohexene, can be seen as coupling an unfavorable reaction (elimination)...
oxidation. Aerobic oxidation of ammonia to hydroxylamine via AMO is an endergonicreaction. So, all aerobic ammonia oxidizing organisms conserve energy by further...
they are indigenous to it and found nowhere else. endergonicreaction A type of chemical reaction in which the standard change in free energy is positive...
6 kJ/mol ΔGf1 = −127.6 kJ/mol + 174.8 kJ/mol = 47.2 kJ/mol (endergonic) ΣΔGf = 47.2 kJ/mol (endergonic, but this does not take into consideration the simultaneous...
Exergonic reactions are energy-releasing reactions and are generally catabolic. Endergonicreactions require energy and include anabolic reactions and the...
macromolecules like DNA or RNA from smaller units. These reactions require energy, known also as an endergonic process. Anabolism is the building-up aspect of...
temperatures, the forward reaction becomes endergonic, favoring the (exergonic) reverse reaction toward CO, even though the forward reaction is still exothermic...
glycolysis, three regulated and strongly endergonicreactions are replaced with more kinetically favorable reactions. Hexokinase/glucokinase, phosphofructokinase...
initial state; in the case of endergonicreactions the situation is the reverse. A reaction is said to be exothermic if the reaction releases heat to the surroundings;...
change of a reaction is independent of the activation energy however. Physical and chemical reactions can be either exergonic or endergonic, but the activation...
dissolved. If the solvation energy is positive, then the solvation process is endergonic; otherwise, it is exergonic. For instance, water warms when treated with...
initiation of translation and protein synthesis. Peptide bond formation is an endergonic, thermodynamically unfavorable process, so amino acids must be activated...
attacks. It has been discussed that the glutamate pool may drive the endergonic uptake of other amino acids by system ASC. Glutamine can be converted...
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