Efalizumab (brand name Raptiva, Genentech, Merck Serono) is a formerly available medication designed to treat autoimmune diseases, originally marketed to treat psoriasis. As implied by the suffix -zumab, it is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody administered once weekly by subcutaneous injection. Efalizumab binds to the CD11a[1] subunit of lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 and acts as an immunosuppressant by inhibiting lymphocyte activation and cell migration out of blood vessels into tissues. Efalizumab was associated with fatal brain infections and was withdrawn from the market in 2009.[2]
Known side effects include bacterial sepsis, viral meningitis, invasive fungal disease and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a brain infection caused by reactivation of latent JC virus infection.[3][4] Four cases of PML were reported in plaque psoriasis patients, an incidence of approximately one in 500 treated patients.[2]
Due to the risk of PML, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommend suspension from the market in the European Union and the United States, respectively.[5] In April 2009, Genentech Inc. announced a phased voluntary withdrawal of Raptiva from the U.S. market.[2][6]
^Li S, Wang H, Peng B, Zhang M, Zhang D, Hou S, et al. (March 2009). "Efalizumab binding to the LFA-1 alphaL I domain blocks ICAM-1 binding via steric hindrance". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (11): 4349–54. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.4349L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0810844106. PMC 2657446. PMID 19258452.
^ abcMajor EO (2010). "Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients on immunomodulatory therapies". Annual Review of Medicine. 61 (1): 35–47. doi:10.1146/annurev.med.080708.082655. PMID 19719397.
^"Efalizumab FDA Warning". 16 October 2008. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
^Berger JR, Houff SA, Major EO (2009). "Monoclonal antibodies and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy". mAbs. 1 (6): 583–9. doi:10.4161/mabs.1.6.9884. PMC 2791316. PMID 20073129.
^"EMEA press release regarding suspension" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 December 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2009.
^"Genentech Announces Voluntary Withdrawal of Raptiva from the U.S. Market" (Press release). Genentech, Inc. 8 April 2009. Archived from the original on 28 May 2011. Retrieved 9 April 2009.
Efalizumab (brand name Raptiva, Genentech, Merck Serono) is a formerly available medication designed to treat autoimmune diseases, originally marketed...
cellular adhesion and costimulatory signaling. It is the target of the drug efalizumab. ITGAL gene encodes the integrin alpha L chain. Integrins are heterodimeric...
adverse effects. Two medications that target T cells are efalizumab and alefacept. Efalizumab is a monoclonal antibody that specifically targets the CD11a...
for the improvement of pulmonary function in cystic fibrosis. Raptiva (efalizumab), for psoriasis, later withdrawn in 2009 due to the risk of PML. Recormon...
needed] The boxed warning was added on February 19, 2009, for the drug efalizumab (Raptiva) includes a statement that Human polyomavirus 2, resulting in...
Subcutaneous injection for moderate to severe persistent asthma. 2003: Raptiva (efalizumab): Antibody designed to block the activation and reactivation of T cells...
PML can still occur in people on immunosuppressive therapy, such as efalizumab, belatacept, and various transplant drugs, which are meant to weaken the...
as shown by PROWESS-SHOCK study Ebrotidine 1998 Spain Hepatotoxicity. Efalizumab (Raptiva) 2009 Germany Withdrawn because of increased risk of progressive...
contrast material), and the sudden cessation of medication. Methotrexate, efalizumab, and topical and oral steroids are common antipsoriatic drugs that can...
Malykh, Y.; Philipsen, L.; Gollnick, H. (2007). "The CD11a Binding Site of Efalizumab in Psoriatic Skin Tissue as Analyzed by Multi-Epitope Ligand Cartography...
Global Information
(what is this?) (verify)